UGC-NET Special Edition - Teaching Aptitude

There are eight questions in each set. Answers to questions in a set are provided at the end of each set. Questions have been compiled in such a manner that it is easy to follow and memorize. We recommend that you go to the answers only after you have attempted all the questions in the set.

1. The mean score on any class test is the result of:

(a) dividing the sum of all scores by the number of scores

(b) determining the middle score when all the scores have been listed from the highest to the lowest

(d) Adding all the scores and dividing by the most frequent score

(e) Adding the highest and lowest scores and dividing by two

2. The least justifiable use of the results of a standardized reading test is to:

(a) identify areas of pupil deficiency

(b) evaluate the reading instruction programme.

(d) Serve as the basis for a parent conference

(e) Serve as the basis for class groupings

3. Fifteen –year old Arvind has taken to wearing the same style sweaters that his teacher wears. This form of behaviour is known as:

(a) compensation

(b) transference

(d) regression

(e) egocentrism

4. At least one third of the learning that will determine later levels of school achievement has already taken place by age six. This is a statement most closely associated with the writings of:

(a) Benjamin Bloom

(b) Margaret Mead

(d) Fritiz Redl

(e) Nathan Glazer

5. Of the following, the most unreliable predictor of educational achievement is:

(a) inherited biological potential for learning

(b) ethnic origin of parents

(d) classroom experiences

(e) self concept.

6. All the following are acceptable goals for dealing with behaviour problems in the classroom, except:

(a) helping the child to improve his/her self-control

(b) being impersonal and objective

(d) utilizing appeals to children that have personal implications

(e) punishing, when necessary, in private

7. In preparing a fifth grade class to take a standardized reading test the teacher is best advised to:

(a) tell the children the test is very important and they should do the best they can

(b) ditto key questions from a previous test and allow the pupils to answer them

(d) coach the below grade level readers, as the rest of the class will do well anyway

(e) Give the pupils practice in answering questions similar to the type that will appear on the test

8. Of the following, the one situation that will cause the greatest difficulty for a child in the initial stages of reading instruction is :

(a) confusion of left and right directionality

(b) possessing an IQ of 90

(d) never having attended kindergarten

(e) being an avid television watcher

Answers to questions on Teaching Aptitude:

1. (a) dividing the sum of all scores by the number of scores

2. (c) Serve as a basis for report card marks

3. (c) indentification

4. (a) Benjamin Bloom

5. (b) ethnic origin of parents

6. (d) utilizing appeals to children that have personal implications

7. (e) Give the pupils practice in answering questions similar to the type that will appear on the test.

8. (a) confusion of left and right directionality

9. Of the following essentials of learning the one that takes procedure over the other is:

(a) average intelligence

(b) ability to read

(d) desire to learn

(e) a good teacher

10. A child from a disorganized home will experience the greatest difficulty with:

(a) well structured lessons

(b) independent study

(d) workbooks

(e) short answer tests.

11. The normal twelve –year –old child is most likely to:

(a) have difficulty with gross motor coordination

(b) have anxiety feelings about pleasing adults

(d) be eager for peer approval

(e) be concerned with boy-girl relationship

12. During the first year of life a child’s height increases by about:

(a) Ten per cent

(b) Thirty per cent

(d) Eighty per cent

(e) Hundred per cent

13. The term ‘identical elements is closely associated with:

(a) group instruction

(b) transfer of learning

(d) similar test questions

(e) The scientific method

14. The statement least characteristic of first grade children is that they are:

(a) too young to be taught classroom routines

(b) not yet concerned with group approval

(d) not concerned with neatness

(e) curious and exploratory

15. The evaluation of personality is best made through the use of an:

(a) inventory test

(b) preference test

(d) projective test

(e) power test

16. The current movement of behavior modification, wherein tokens are awarded for correct responses, is a reflection of:

(a) Herbart’s Five Steps

(b) Lock’s Tabula rasa

(d) Thorndike’s Law of Exercise

(e) Pavlov’s stimulus- response

Answers to Questions on Teaching Aptitude:

9. (d) desire to learn

10. (b) independent study

11. (d) be eager for peer approval

12. (c) Fifty per cent

13. (b) transfer of learning

14. (a) too young to be taught classroom routines

15. (d) projective test

16. (c) Thorndike’s Law of Effect

17. All of the following are true about phobias, except that

(a) They are generated by an early emotional experience

(b) The sufferer cannot the impulse to avoid them

(d) They can be overcome

(e) Acrophobia is a fear of open places agoraphobia is a fear of high places

18. When a pupil’s misbehavior persists even through the teacher punishes the child for each infraction, the teacher is probably practicing a policy of

(a) retribution

(b) corporal punishment

(d) sarcasm

(e) repression

19. Saurabh and Suresh have the same mental age 8-0. We can conclude that

(a) they have the same potential for success in school.

(b) they have the same IQ

(d) their ability to learn may be quite different

(e) they copied from each other on the test

20. A child whose class is in a windowless room may have to be assigned to another class if he/she suffers from

(a) acrophobia

(b) agoraphobia

(d) hydrophobia

(e) toxophobia

21. The self adjective mechanism that teachers often unwittingly encourage is

(a) an attention –getting device

(b) daydreaming

(d) fantasy

(e) withdrawal

22. When an individual repeats those leanings that, in the past, proved to be highly satisfying such behavior can best be explained by the law of

(a) recency

(b) frequency

(d) effect

(e) exercise

23. Children’s attitudes toward persons of different ethnic groups are generally based upon

(a) their parent’s attitudes

(b) the attitudes of their peer

(d) their sibling’ attitudes

(e) their religious affiliation

24. All of the following are sound mental hygiene practices, except

(a) asking pupils to correct their answers after their tests have been marked

(b) discussing an individual pupil’s test marks with the class

(d) Having pupil’s keep a record of their own test marks

(e) Conferring with pupils about the results of a group of tests.

Answers:

17. (e) acrophobia is a fear of open places agoraphobia is a fear of high places

18. (c) negative reinforcement

19. (d) their ability to learn may be quite different

20. (c) claustrophobia

21. (a) an attention getting device

22. (d) effect

23. (a) their parent’s attitudes

24. (b) discussing an individual pupil’s test marks with the class

25. All of the following advanced principles of child development that are closely allied to the stimulus response learning theory, except

(a) Pavilov

(b) J B Waston

(d) Gesell

(e) Skinner

26. All of the following can be signs that a child is gifted, except

(a) early development of a sense of time

(b) interest in encyclopaedias and dictionaries

(d) Easy retention of facts

(e) High intellectual curiosity.

27. Frobel’s most important contribution to education was his development of the

(a) vocational school

(b) public high school

(d) Latin School

(e) Play school

28. Teacher tenure laws can best be justified because they

(a) protect teachers whose political views differ sharply with those of the community

(b) Provide for stability of staffing

(d) Protect teachers from excessive requirements of principals

(e) Prevent teachers from leaving to accept positions in higher paying school districts

29. All of the following are contributing to the crisis in urban schools except

(a) the rapid increase in school pollution

(b) the disappearance of taxable property

(d) the displacement of people

(e) high mobility

30. of the following, the main purpose of state certification of teachers is to

(a) monitor the quality of teacher training institutions

(b) provide for a uniform standard of entry-level teacher competency throughout the state

(d) exclude from the profession those who are mentally unhealthy

(e) provide a basis for acceptable performance based on teacher evaluation

31. The incorrectly associated pair is

(a) Joseph Lancaster –contract plan

(b) Benjamin Franklin-academy

(d) Horace Mann –elementary education

(e) Elizabeth Peabody – kindergarten

32. When parents ask teachers about their children’s television habits, it is best to suggest that they

(a) prohibit television viewing

(b) use television for rewards and punishments

(d) encourage family viewing and discussion of jointly selected programmes

(e) give children freedom to selected whatever they want to see

Answers:

25. (d) Gesell

26. (c) uneasy relationships with peers

27. (c) kindergarten

28. (a) protect teachers whose political views differ sharply with those of the community

29. (a) the rapid increase in school pollution

30. (b) provide for a uniform standard of entry-level teacher competency throughout the state

31. (a) Joseph Lancaster –contract plan

32. (d) give children freedom to selected whatever they want to see

33. Curriculum makers have the most difficulty when:

(a) there is an inflationary cycle

(b) the nature of the student population is changing

(d) teachers unions insist on input

(e) school boards must their final approval

34. A school district has adopted a policy prevents teachers from marking the examinations of their own students. The most valid justification of this policy is that:

(a) teacher favour their pet students

(b) some parents pressure teachers to give their children high marks

(d) this is the best way for principals to evaluate how well pupils are learning

(e) pupils will have no reason to bring presents to their teachers

35. A major contribution of the Jesuits to education includes all of the following except:

(a) insistence on well trained teachers

(b) repetition and memorization as teaching methods

(d) concentration on the early education of children

(e) emphasis on the classics as the basis of the curriculum

36. De facto school segregation is segregation that is primarily a result of:

(a) guidelines issued by the State Commissioner of Education

(b) discriminatory zoning of a local school board

(d) Federal education laws

(e) Rulings of the courts

37. The educator who advanced the idea of the five formal steps in leaving was:

(a) Rousseau

(b) Comenius

(d) Herbart

(e) Froebel

38. That the mind of an infant is a tabula rasa is the contribution of:

(a) Plato

(b) Horace Man

(d) J.J Rousseau

(e) Johann Herbart

39. The disadvantaged child’s chances for success in school will be maximized when:

(a) he/she is given a high concentration of skills subjects

(b) he/she is provided with vocational training earlier than other children

(d) His/her intellectual potential is discovered and his/her educational deficiencies are overcome

(e) It is realised that he/she needs a separate class to meet his/her needs

40. “The individual develops through the head, the heart, and the hand”, this was the educational philosophy of:

(a) Herbart

(b) Comenius

(d) Froebel

(e) Rousseau

Answer:

33. (b) the nature of the student population is changing

34. (c) teachers should not be in a position to evaluate the results of their own teaching

35. (d) concentration on the early education of children

36. (c) Residence patterns of the community

37. (d) Herbart

38. (c) John Locke

39. (d) His/her intellectual potential is discovered and his/her educational deficiencies are overcome

40. (c) Pestalozzi

41. Martin Luther’s greatest contribution to education was his:

(a) Ninety –Five Theses

(b) Translation of the Bible into German

(d) Concept of justification by good works

(e) Advocacy of church control of schools

42. Of the following the statement that is least educationally valid is that:

(a) heterogeneous grouping is undemocratic

(b) Drill periods should be brief

(d) Overlearning constitutes a waste of time

(e) The quality of a student’s notes book should be a factor in formulating the student’s mark

43. In a kindergarten class it would be unreasonable to expect a child to:

(a) care for plants

(b) clean up after clay work

(d) know when it is time to clean up

(e) return a class library book to the shelf

44. Of the following, the best example of an anecdotal report is:

(a) “Tom is always fidgeting; he must be hyperactive”

(b) “ On 12/1, 12/2, 12/4, during reading group time, Tom fidgeted in his seat"

(d) “Tom is always fidgeting; his parents must be putting a lot of pressure on him”

(e) “Tom is a fidgeter”

45. The trial and error method of instruction is best enhanced by:

(a) role playing

(b) programmed instruction

(d) an audio visual lession

(e) independent study

46. A parent of a fourth grader refuse to give permission for her child to go on a class trip. The teacher should first:

(a) refer the matter to the guidance counselor

(b) confer with the parent to discuss the educational purpose of the trip

(d) Ask another teacher in the same grade to take that child on the day of the trip

(e) Tell the class that the trip will be cancelled if any child does not receive parental permission

47. All of the following are evidence of a good class audio-visual programme except:

(a) using globes and maps to teach geographic skills and concepts

(b) developing a weekly list of recommended television programmes for home viewing

(d) allowing children to decide which educational television programmes they will view in class

(e) providing study guides for class viewing of fims

48. An increase in comprehension skill is most likely to result from:

(a) guided silent reading

(b) guided oral reading

(d) the teacher reading to the class

(e) listening to tapes of children’s stories

Answer:

41. (b) Translation of the Bible into German

42. (d) Overlearning constitutes a waste of time

43. (d) know when it is time to clean up

44. (b) “ On 12/1, 12/2, 12/4, during reading group time, Tom fidgeted in his seat"

45. (e) independent study

46. (b) confer with the parent to discuss the educational purpose of the trip

47. (d) allowing children to decide which educational television programmes they will view in class

48. (a) guided silent reading

49. In dealing with a class that is misbehaving, the teacher’s least effective course of action is to

(a) ask the principal to observe him/her and make recommendations

(b) lower the grades of pupils who create the most serious infractions

(d) ascertain the extent to which his/her methods and/or curriculum are responsible

(e) Ask the advice of his/her grade leader

50. A fourth grade child takes the possessions of pupils who sit near her. The teacher’s best initial step is to

(a) isolate the child in a corner of the room

(b) make a note of this behaviour in the child’s permanent record

(d) arrange a parent conference to try to determine causation

(e) assign the pupil to detention

51. All of the following are appropriate areas for pupil teacher planning except

(a) the day’s schedule

(b) the selection of committees

(d) a class party

(e) the selection of recreational reading

52. All of the following are examples of intrinsic motivation except

(a) encouraging pupils to help develop the aim of a lesson

(b) permitting pupils to evaluate each other’s answers

(d) giving short quizzes at the beginning of a lesson

(e) asking pupils to contribute to a class resource file

53. The most important objective of committee work is to have children

(a) practice parliamentary procedure

(b) develop the leadership skills of the high achievers

(d) acquire factual information efficiently

(e) learn socialization skills

54. All of the following statements about children are correct except that

(a) Older children in elementary schools are less prone to illness than younger children

(b) Many children do not eat proper breakfasts

(d) Children like teachers who are firm and consistent

(e) Girls are superior to boys of the same age in mathematical abilities

55. All of the following are descriptive of good teaching except that

(a) Creative methods can used to achieve traditional goals

(b) Teachers may fail to achieve satisfactory adjustment of some children despite use of optimum procedures

(d) Teachers should allow acting out children to handle manipulative materials

(e) Teachers should refer all children with emotional problems to the guidance counsellor

56. A sixth-grade class includes a group of children reading on the fourth-grade level. Of the following, the best material to use with this group is a

(a) fourth-grade basal reader

(b) tape recorder

(d) sixth grade workbook

(e) local newspaper

Answer:

49. (b) lower the grades of pupils who create the most serious infractions

50. (d) arrange a parent conference to try to determine causation

51. (c) the sequence in a skills programme

52. (b) permitting pupils to evaluate each other’s answers

53. (c) develop skills of cooperative learning and problem solving

54. (e) Girls are superior to boys of the same age in mathematical abilities

55. (e) Teachers should refer all children with emotional problems to the guidance counselor

56. (c) high interest, low level book of stories

57. A child who frequently loses his/her place where reading can be temporarily helped by:

(a) allowing him/her to fingerpoint

(b) giving him/her a card to place under each line being read

(d) letting him/her listen to taped stores

(e) telling his/her parents that he/she needs glasses

58. Of the following activities in a science class, the one with least educational value is

(a) viewing a filmstrip

(b) constructing a model

(d) reading about a simple experiment

(e) discussing a scientific principle

59. The operation of the class library should be the responsibility of

(a) The teacher

(b) Volunteer parents

(d) Rotating committees of pupils

(e) The school librarian

60. Group tests that have norms for each grade and that that are administered in accordance with uniform procedures listed in a manual of instruction are called

(a) School –wide finals

(b) Quizzes

(d) Class tests

(e) The WALS

61. In comparing the lecture and developmental lessons, all of the following are true except that

(a) there is more pupil activity in the developmental lesson

(b) it is more difficult to ascertain pupil learning in a lecture lesson

(d) slow children drive more benefit from a lecture than brighter children to

(e) motivation and summary are necessary in both lessons

62. A teacher notes poor attendance in class on Fridays, the day weekly tests are given. The teacher should

(a) call the parents of the absentees

(b) schedule tests throughout the week

(d) tell the pupils that missing two tests will result in a failing mark

(e) schedule all tests for Monday, after the children have had a restful weekend

63. When the majority of pupils in a science class is well below grade level in reading, the teacher should

(a) read to the class from the text book

(b) plan many hands-on activities

(d) prepare many dittoed sheets for the pupils to use

(e) lecture to the class, using simple language

64. During the first parent teacher conference of the year, the teacher should do all to the following except

(a) take notes

(b) include the child, when appropriate

(d) disagree with the parent’s philosophy of child reading

(e) offer a cup of coffee or tea

Answer:

57. (b) giving him/her a card to place under each line being read

58. (d) reading about a simple experiment

59. (d) Rotating committees of pupils

60. (c) Standardized tests

61. (d) slow children drive more benefit from a lecture than brighter children to

62. (b) schedule tests throughout the week

63. (b) plan many hands-on activities

64. (d) disagree with the parent’s philosophy of child reading

65. Career education should begin

(a) in kindergarten

(b) in the third or fourth grades

(d) in high school economics classes

(e) when the child begins to ask questions about jobs

66. Of the following birds of advice given by an experienced teacher to a new colleague, it would be best to ignore the one that state

(a) if you have a very shy child, don’t call on the child, wait until the child volunteers

(b) give praise to even the poorest achiever; you can always find something worthwhile to praise

(d) Write an interesting question on the board for the pupils to answer as soon as they enter the room

(e) Ask many “ how” and “Why” questions and not too many “what and who questions

67. To be successful with an overactive child, the teacher should

(a) Give the child extra written work so he/she will have a reason for remaining in his/her seat

(b) Allow the child to leave his/her seat whenever he/she becomes restless

(d) Isolate the child from the class

(e) Give the child a pass to the lavatory every half hour

68. The teacher of a class with a sizeable number of Spaniards notices that the Spaniards and the other children form two separate groups on the school playground. The teacher is best advised to

(a) ignore the situation

(b) suggest that the principal organize a separate class of Spaniards

(d) Organize those playground games that promote co-mingling

(e) Plan a unit on “America, the Melting Plot”

69. A class assembly programme best contributes to educational goals when it

(a) presents a well known children’s play written by a talented author

(b) features the best singers or actors in the class

(d) Is written by the children with help from the teacher, and is based on one of the current learning activities of the class

(e) Is praised by parents as being “just like a Broadway show”

70. When planning to develop the powers of creative thinking, the teacher should allow for all of the following experience except

(a) comparison of the treatment of a social studies topic in two textbooks

(b) failure of an experiment in science

(d) failure to solve a problem because of insufficient information

(e) Solving of all problems through use of a well practiced formula

71. All of the following are applicable in good motivation except that it

(a) Should be brief

(b) Should be relevant to the pupils

(d) Need not always come at the beginning of the lesson

(e) Should always come from the teacher

72. Of the following statements above slow learners and bright children, the correct one is that

(a) bright children are likely to have a higher incidence of emotional problems

(b) slow learners are likely to have greater manual dexterity

(d) both groups are difficult to identify when very young

(e) both groups strive for success in school

Answers:

65. (a) in kindergarten

66. (a) if you have a very shy child, don’t call on the child, wait until the child volunteers

67. (c) Provide the child with purposeful activities that legitimize the need for movement

68. (d) Organize those playground games that promote co-mingling

69. (b) features the best singers or actors in the class

70. (e) Solving of all problems through use of a well practiced formula

71. (e) Should always come from the teacher

72. (e) both groups strive for success in school

73. A small school assigns a class teacher to several hours of school library management. Of the following, the teacher’s top priority should be to make sure that

(a) no books are lost or damaged

(b) only books that are popular with the children are ordered

(d) the library is used appropriately by maximum number of children

(e) Children are quit while in the library

74. During a conference, the mother of the third grader asks the teacher how she can help improve her child’s reading ability. Of the following the poorest recommendation is that she should

(a) encourage the child to make regular visits to the public library

(b) give the child books as presents for birthdays and special occasions

(d) Read to the child

(e) Severely limit the child watching of television

75. Creative writing should be an activity planned for

(a) only those children reading on grade level

(b) only those children who can spell and who can write cohesive sentences

(d) all children

(e) all children who consistently finish their regular language arts work on time

76. Student courts have not been widely adopted for the following reasons for this, the one most consistent with sound educational principles is that

(a) Children should not try to influence the behaviour of their peers

(b) Children are too lenient with their peers

(d) Student court usually mete out only punishments

(e) Teachers are afraid that student courts will want to judge them too

77. Of the following possible procedure to procure to follow after the class has taken a spelling test, the teacher should not

(a) permit pupils to discuss the answers

(b) correct the paper of the pupils who failed to finish the test

(d) Record the marks because 15 per cent of the class failed

(e) Base some future language arts lesson on the results of the test

78. Of the following, the one least important to success in beginning reading is

(a) a clear and lucid speech pattern

(b) normal vision and hearing

(d) knowledge of the alphabet

(e) a mental age of about six and one half years

79. Lesson planning should be guided primary by the consideration of

(a) meeting the needs of the average child in the class

(b) creating a happy classroom environment

(d) Providing pupils with work

(e) Satisfying parents

80. The best procedure for a teacher to adopt with a pupil who frequently stammers in class is to

(a) Afford the child ample opportunity to recite to the class

(b) Ignore the child

(d) Suggest that the parents apply of home instruction

(e) Keep the child after school for individual help

Answers:

73. (d) the library is used appropriately by maximum number of children

74. (e) Severely limit the child watching of television

75. (d) all children

76. (d) Student court usually mete out only punishments

77. (c) assign a drill to the entire class based on the most frequently misspelled words

78. (d) knowledge of the alphabet

79. (c) The curriculum goals

80. (c) Suggest that the parents seek professional help

81. Of the following, the most promising step for a teacher to take in order to improve class discipline is to

(a) note specific infractions for class rules in the marking book

(b) evaluate his/her material, methods, and approaches toe children

(d) call a class parent meeting to discuss the situation

(e) refer the worst offenders to the guidance office

82. A small machine used in the reading programme to increase rate of speed is the

(a) mnemonic device

(b) sphygmomanometer

(d) audiometer

(e) stadiometer

83. A teacher should be catechized for all of the following practices except

(a) undermining the role of the parent

(b) becoming overly friendly with pupils

(d) giving talented pupils special favours

(e) excusing the poor behaviour of children from broken homes

84. Team teaching is chartered by all of the following except

(a) the use of master teacher

(b) the use of large group lectures

(d) inflexible groupings

(e) differentiated personnel assignments

85. A paraprofessional may properly engage in all of the following activities expect

(a) assisting on parents night

(b) conferring with parents about a child behaviour

(d) tutoring

(e) distributing materials

86. The teacher introduces a problem-solving lesson with a good motivation and then asks for proposed solutions. No suggestions are forthcoming. The teacher is best advised to

(a) repeat the motivation until children respond

(b) tell the student to read their text

(d) stimulate pupil thought by advancing a few personal proposals

(e) assign the proposed solution for homework

87. Individual differences within a class are best handled by

(a) coaching slow children after school

(b) giving the bright students free reading time

(d) organizing groups for specific purposes

(e) making each pupil fairly

88. A quite, reserved fourth grader brings roadmaps to school and looks at them whenever he gets a chance. The teacher should

(a) encourage the pupil to talk about them during a show and tell period

(b) tell the pupil the leave the maps at home

(d) plan a unit on maps and globes

(e) call the mother to determine the reason for the behaviour

Answer:

81. (b) evaluate his/her material, methods, and approaches toe children

82. (c) tachistoscope

83. (c) exercising firm leadership

84. (d) inflexible groupings

85. (b) conferring with parents about a child behaviour

86. (d) stimulate pupil thought by advancing a few personal proposals

87. (d) organizing groups for specific purposes

88. (a) encourage the pupil to talk about them during a show and tell period

89. The tightly structured lesson that is taught with little flexibility is least conductive to the learning of the student who

(a) is culturally disadvantaged

(b) is hyperactive

(d) has a 125 IQ

(e) is learning disabled

90. The discovery method of teaching is best exemplified by

(a) play activities

(b) rote learning

(d) the open textbook lesson

(e) audio visual lesson

91. The best procedure for a teacher to follow when a pupil habitually calls out in class is to

(a) ask for a percent conference

(b) put a demerit in the making book on each occasion

(d) refer the pupil to the guidance counselor

(e) call on the pupil to answer questions that are within his/her ability level

92. Ramesh tells her teacher that three other girls, who the teacher knows are Ramesh’s friends, copy from each other on all the tests. Of the following the teacher is best advised to first

(a) give the three girls a zero on the last two tests

(b) confer with Ramesh’s mother

(d) refer the three girls to the guidance counselor

(e) ignore the remark

93. Most educators agree that oral reading

(a) comes naturally to good readers

(b) is do difficult to do well that it is waste of time to teach it

(d) requires an audience situation

(e) is only for poor readers so they can hear their own mistakes and be motivated to correct them

94. After a lesson is taught the teacher’s lesson plan should be

(a) thrown away

(b) annotated

(d) filed for use at the same time next year

(e) sent to the supervisor for evaluation

95. Of the following, the least appropriate opening day activity is

(a) saluting the flag

(b) assigning homework

(d) tending to class housekeeping

(e) giving a brief quiz

96. The discovery method of learning is best exemplified by

(a) programmed instruction

(b) experimentation in a science laboratory

(d) mainstreaming

(e) individualized programming

Answers:

89. (d) has a 125 IQ

90. (c) independent study projects

91. (e) Call on the pupil to answer questions that are within his /her ability level

92. (c) try to understand why Ramesh said this

93. (d) requires an audience situation

94. (b) annotated

95. (b) assigning homework

96. (b) experimentation in a science laboratory

RESEARCH APTITUDE

Research: Research is the syst6matic and

objective analysis and recording of controlled

observations that may lead to the development

of generalisations principles or theories

resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate

control of events.

Scientific research is a systematic and

objective attempt to provide answers to certain

questions. It is an essential and powerful tool in

leading towards progress, A significant

research leads to progress in some field of life.

Research is born lout of human curiosity.

Curiosity aroused to study movements,

behaviour patterns etc. We can also define

research as "ideally, the careful unbiased

investigation of a problem, based in sofar as

possible upon demonstrable facts and involving

refined distinctions, interpretations and

usually some generalisations". Educational

research is the study and investigation in the

field of education or bearing upon educational

problems. Since research is. a continuous

problem solving approach to learning it aims

and assists in achieving the goals through

analysis and comprehensive-investigation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. It is always directed towards the solution of

aproblem.

2. It is always based on empirical or observable

evidences.

3. It involves precise observation and accurate

description.

4. Gives emphasis to the development of

theories, principles and generalisations,

which are very helpfulm accurate predictions

regarding the v~able under study.

5. It is systematic, obsective and logical.

Types of Research:

There are many classifications of research.

Some of the important classifications are:

(i) Exploratory and conclusive research:

Exploratory · or formulate research

aims at probing into phenomenon to

formulate a more precise research

problem or to develop a hypothesis. While

conclusive research tests these hypothesis .

developed through exploratory research

and may suggest a new idea or a new

opportunity.

(ii) Fundamental or pure or basi.s

research, applied research and

action research : A fundamental

research is the formal and systematic

process where the researcher's aim is to .

develop a theory or a model by identifying

all the important variables in the

situation and by discovering broad

generalisations and principles about these

variables. Applied research, applies the

theory or model developed theories but to

test those existing theories in actual

problem situations. Action research has

recently been popular in the field of social

psychology, industrial psychology and

education. In action research, researcher

focuses upon the immediate consequences

and applications of a problem of a theory

or a model.

(iii) Historical research, descriptive

research and experimental research:

Historical research describes what was.

The process involves investigation,

recording, analyzing and interpreting. the

everits of the past for the purpose of

. discovering generalizations that are

helpful in understanding the past and the

present and to a limited extent, in

anticipating the future. Descriptive

research describes records, analyzes', and

interprets the conditions that exist,

practices that prevail,. beliefs, points of

views or attitudes that are held processes

that are going in effects that are being

felt, or trends that are developing. It

involves some type of comparison or

contrast and attempts to discover

relationship between existing

nonmanipulated variables. It can be of

various types , like survey studies,

interrelationship studies casual

comparative studies and development

studies. Experimental research describes

what will be when certain variables are

carefully controlled or manipulated. The

focus is on variable ~elationship .

Deliberate mampulation is always a part

of experimental method. Experimel'tal

research is the description and analysis of

what will be, or what will occur, under

careflilly controlled conditions in which '

one factor is varied and the others are

kept constant and can be repeated by

another investigator, by the same

investigator or another occassion with

nearly identical results.

(iV) Experimental and non-experimental

research: This classification is based on

the nature of research. An experimental

research is one where the independent

variables can be directly manipulated by ,

experimenter. It is further divided into

two main types- Laboratory experiment

and field experiment. A non experiinental

research is one where independent

variables cannot be manipulated and

therefore cannot be experimentally

studied. A non experimental research can

be divided into three main types- field,

studies, expost factor research and sUFVey"

research.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: It is the

study of a problem in a situation in which some

variables are manipulated and some are

controlled in order to have an effect upon the

dependent variable. The variables which are

manipulated are known as in'dependent

variables and the variables which are controlled

are known as extraneous ot'relevent variables.

Thus in ~ laboratory e~periment the effect of

manipulation of an iridependent variables upon

the dependent variable is observed under

controlled conditions.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS: It is a study carried

out is a more or less realistic situation or field

where the experimenter successfully

manipUlates one or more independent variables

under the maximum possible controlled

conditions.

FIELD STUDY : It is a study which

systematically discovers relations and

interactions among variables in real life

situations such as school, factory, comm~nity

college etc. It field study the ihvestigator

depends upon the existing conditions of a field

situation as well as upon the selection of subject

for determining the relationship among

variables.

EXPOST FACTO STUDY : In this the

investigators attempt to trace an effect which

has already occurred to its probable causes. The

effect becomes the dependent variable and the

probable causes become the independ~nt

variable. The investigator has no direct control

over such variables.

SURVEY RESEARCH : It is a technique

where, the investigator or researcher studies

the whole population with respect to certain

sociological and psychological variables.

Depending upon the ways of collecting data,

survey research can be classified into different

categories, namely, personal interview, main

questionnaire, panel technique arid telephone

survey.

STEPS OF RESEARCH

(a) Identification of research : The very 1st

step of research is to identify the subject and

nature ofthe problem.

(b) Proposal of Action : After identifying the

subject or the problem, we proposed an action plan

to solve the problem or find a sblution for that.

tentative explanation for 'an observation,

phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be

tested by further investigation. It is a concept

that is not yet varified but that if true would

explain certain facts or phenomena.

Characteristics of hypothesis:

(i) It should state the relationship between

variables.

(ii) It must consist of known facts.

(iii) ft can be tested. .

(iv) It must be dear in its concept.

(v) It must be objective and specific.

(vi) It shoUld be amendable to testing with in

a resonable time.

So our next step is to construct a hypothesis for

research and after that he plans to explain it

either based em laboratory experime'nt or field

experiment.

(d) Collection of data: The researcher

collects data either in experimental way or in

non experimental way, for his problem.

(e) Presentation of data: The next step is to

represent the collected data in logical manner

so that he or anyone else will be able to analyse

that easily. Most general way' of presentation of

data in scientific or social research is to make

table of the collected data in certain way which

shows the relation between variables.

(f) Analy~is of data: The analysis is done in

both ways statistical and descriptive analysis.

(g) Declaration of Result: Mter analysing

the data, the researcher declares the result of

the research.

Paper: It is an essay or dissertation read at a

seminar or published in a journaL It is a formal

written composition intended to published,

presented, or read aloud or a scholarly essay.

Article : It is a nonfictional literacy ,

composition that forms an independent part of

a publication, as of a newspaper or magazine.

Workshop: A meeting at which a group

engages in interisive discussion.a:nd activity on

a particular subject or project. '

Semiriar : ' A conference for discussion on

training' on a specific subject.

Conference : A formal meeting for diSCUSSIon

or debate.

Symposium: A meeting or conference for

discussion of a topic, especially one in which the

participants form an audience and make

presentation.

Dissertation : or Thesis : A treafies

advancing a new point of view resulting from

research; usually a requirement for an

advanced academic degree.

Thesis and its format : One of the mClst

general format for thesis is given below. The list

of contents and chapter are almost same for

every subjectiuniversity. In some cases one or

two heading may be irrel~vant or one or two

more heading may be required. We can divide

the whole thesis in four parts :

(i) Introduction

(ii) Explanation of the topic-

(iii) Details of research & its result

(iv) Refererice ,md appendices.

Think about the plan of chapters and decide

what is best for your research. Then make a

list, in point form , of what will go in ea.ch

chapter. Always represent the text of thesis in

logical order. Make a plan for each chapter and

section, the result will probably be clearer and

easier to read.

The different heading may be the following:

(i) Copyright Waiver : This' gives the

university library the right to publish

your work. '

(ii) Declaration : This page declares that

the thesis is your own work and is not

taken from any other's work.

(iii)Title Page: The format of this page may

be Title/Author "A thesis submitted for

the degree of Doctor of PhilosQphy in

faculty of Sci encelT he ... University"/date.

(iv) Abstract : This part is most important

part of the thesis it is most widely

page. It is best written

towards the end. It should be self

contained and contains a consise

description of the problem(s) addressed.

Your method of solving, result and

conclusion.

(v) Acknowledgements: It is the thanks

giving page to all the people who helped

in the research or whose work you used'

for your research.

(vi) Table of content: Introduction starts

from page 1, the earlier pages should

have different numbering system.

(vii) Introduction : This gives the details

about the topic its importance. This

must be very interesting. You should not

bore the reader. Never overestimate the

reader's familiarity with your topic.

(viii) Literature Review : Where did the

problem come from? what is already

known about the problem? If you have

been keeping up with the literatUre as

you vowed to do three years ago, and if

you have made notes about important

papers over the year, then you have some

good points for the review.

(ix) Materials and Methods : This varies

from thesis to thesis and may be absent

in theoretical thesis. It explains the

methods used for research.

(x) Theory

(xi) Results and Discussion: The results

and discussion are very· often combined

in thesis. The division of results and

Discussion material into chapters is

usually best done according to subject

matter. In most cases your result need

discussion. What do they mean? How

can they fit into existing body of

knowledge? Are they consistent with

present theories? Do they give new

insight? Do they suggest new theories or

mechanism?

(xii) Conclusion : Generally abstract also

contains conclusion in very briefform. A

summary of conclusions may be put in

point form after the result and discussion

chapter.

(xiii) Reference and Appendices

(xiv) Bibliography

QUESTIONS I

1. Who said that members of the same

species are not alike?

(a) Darwin (b) Herbert Spencer

2. A st;:ttistical measure based upon the

entire population is called parameter

while measure based upon a sample is

known as

(a) sample parameter

(b) inference

(4) none of these

3. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a

sample is technically known as.

(a) statistical inference of external

validity of the research

(b) data analysis and interpretation

(d) · all of the above

4. A researcher selects a probability sample

of 100 out of the total population. It is

(a) a cluster sample

(b) a random sample ..

(d) a systematic sample

5. Aresearcher divides the populations into

PG, graduates and 10 + 2 students and

using the random digit table he selects

some of them from . each. This is

technically called

(a) stratified sarp.pling

(b) stratified random sampling '

(d) none ofthese

6. The final result of a study will be more

accurate if the sample drawn is

(a) taken randomly

(b) fixed by quota

(d) purpOSIVe

7. A researcher selects only 10 members as

a sample from the total population of 5000

and considers it good because

(a) he was a good researcher

(b) he was guided by his supervisor

(d) all ofthese

8. Area (cluster) sampling t echnique is used

when

(a) popul~tion is scattered and large size

of the sample is to be drawn

(b) population is heterogeneous

(d) (a) and (c)

9. A researcher divides his population into

certain groups and fixes the size of the

sample from each group. It is called

(a) stratified sample (b) quota sample

10. Which ofthe following is a non-probability

sample ?

(a) Quota sample

(b) Simple random sample

(d) (a) and (c) both

11. Which t echnique is generally followed

when the population is finite ?

(a) Area sampling technique

(b) Purposive sllmpling technique

(d) None ofthe above

12. Validity of a research can be improved by

(a) eliminating extraneous factors

(b) taking the true representative sample

ofthe population

(d) none ofthese

13. Field study is related to

(a) real life situations

(b) experimental situations

(d) none of the above

14. Independent variables are not marupulated

(a) normative researches

(b) ex-post facto researches

(d) none ofthe above

15. The research antagonistic to ex-post facto

research is

(a) experimental studies

(b) normati~e researches

(d) all ofthe above

16. Who is regarded the father of scientific

social surveys?

(a) Darwin (b) Booth

17. Attributes of objects, events or things

which can be measured are called

(a) qualitative measure

(b) data

(d) none ofthe above

18. The process not nE;ededin experimental

researches is

(a) observation

(b) controlling

(d) . reference collection

19. The experimental study is based on the

law of

(d) single variable

(b) replication

(d) interest ofthe subject

20. All are example of qualitative variables

except

(a) religion and castes

(b) sex

(d) interest of the subject

21. An example of scientific knowledge is

(a) authority ofthe Prophet or great men

(b) social traditions and customs

(d) laboratory and field experiments

22. A teacher encounters various problems

during his professional experiences. He should

(a) resign from his post ' in . such

situations

(b) do research onthat problem and find

a solution

(d) take the help of head ofthe institution

23. A research problem is feasible only when

(a) it is researchable

(b) it is new and adds something to knowledge

(d) all of these

24. Formulation of hypothesis may not be necessary

(a) survey studies

(b) fact finding (historical) studies

(d) experimental studies

25. Studying the social status of a population

a researcher concluded that Mr. X is

socially backward. His conclusion is

(aJ wrong (b) right

Note: Such studies are conducted m

relative terms.

26. A good hypothesis should be

(a) precise, specific and conslstent with

most known facts

(b) formulated in such a way that it can

be tested by the data

global significance

'(d) all of these

27. Hypothesis can not be stated in

(a) null and question form terms

(b) declarative terms

(d) directional terms

28. Logic of induction is very close to

(a) the logic of sampling

(b) the logic of observation

(d) none of the above

29. In order to augment the acc~acy of the

study a researcher

(a) should increase the size of the sample

(b) should be honest and unbiased

(d) all of these

30. All causes n?n ,sampling errors except

(a) faulty tools of measurement

(b) inadequate sample

(d) defect in data collection

31. Total error in a research is equal to

(a) sampling error + non-sampling error

(b) [(sampling error) + (non - sampling error)t

(d) sampling error x 100

32. The probability of a head and a tail of

tossing four coins simultaneously is

(a) 118 (b) 116

33. Which of the fQl10wing is a primary source

of data? '

(a) Personal records, letters, diaries,

autobio-graphies, wills, etc.

(b) Official records-governments' documents,

information preserved by

social-religious organizations etc.

customs

(d) Allofthe ahove

34. For doing external criticism (for

establishing the authenticity of data) a

researcher must verify:

(a) the signature and handwriting of the

author

(b) the paper and ink used in that period

whicltis under study

(d) all of the above

35. The validity and reliability of a research

will be at stake when-

(a) The author wh,o is the source of information

is biased, . incompetent or

dishonest

(b) The incident was reported after a long

period of time from that of its

occurrence

competent enough to draw logical

conclusions

(d) All ofthe above

36. While writing research report a

researcher

(a) must riot use the numerical figures in

numbers in the beginning of

sentences

(b) must arrange it in lpgical, topical and

chronological order

of the other studies

(d) all of the above

37. A researcher wants to study the future of

the Congress I in

India

.. For the study

which tool is most appropriate for him?

(a) Questionnaire (b) SchedUle

38. Survey study aims at:

(i) knowing facts about the l!Xisting

situation

(ii) comparing the present status with the

standard norms

(iii) criticising the existing situation

(iv) identifying the means of improving

the existing situation

(a) (i) and (ii) only

(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)

(d) (ii) and (iii) only

39. Seeing a very big rally it was reported that

JD will win the election, the conclusion

was based on :

(a) random sampling

(b) cluster sampling '

(d) purposive sampling

40. The per capita income of

India

from 1950

to 1990 is four times. This study is

(a) social (b) horizontal

41. It is an example of negative correlation:

(a) an increase iiI population will lead to

a shortage of food grains

(b) poor intelligence means poor

achievement in school

(d) poor working condition retards output

45.If you are doing experiment on a large

group of sample which method of

controlling will you adopt?

(a) matching

(b) randomization

(d) elimination .

The other name of independent variable

for an experimental research is/are

(a) treatment variable

(b) experimental variable

(d) all of the above

46.The historical research is different from

experimental research in the process of

(a) replication

(b) the formulation of the hypothesis

(d) all of the above

47.The reVIew of the related study . is

important while undertaking a research

because

(a) it avoids repetition or duplication

(b) it helps in understanding the gaps

illogical conclusions

(d) all of the above

48. Which of the following is not the

characteristic of a researcher?

(a) He is a specialist rather than a

generalist

(b) He is industrious and persistent on

the trial of discovery

field but accepts the reality

(d) He is not versatile in his interest and

even in his native abilities

(e) He is versatile in his interest, even in

his native abilities

(f) he is objective

49. Collective psychology of the whole period is

a theory which

(a) can explain all phase of historical

development

(b) means the psychology of the whole

society

(e) means psychological approach of data

collection

(d) all oftl1.e above

50. Bibliography given in a research report

(a) helps those interested in further

research and studying the problem

from another angle

(b) makes the report authentic

(e) shows the vastknowledge of the researcher

(d) none ofthe above

51. If the sample drawn does not specify any

condition about the parameter of the ·

. population, it is called

(a) selected statistics

(b) distribution free statistics

(d) none of the above

ANSWERSI

1 · 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(a) (e) (a) (b) (b) (e) (e) (d) (b) (d)

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

le) (e) (a) (e) (a) (b) (e) (d) (a) (d)

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

(d) (b) (d) (b) (e) (d) (e) (a) (d) (b)

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

(b) (b) (d) (d) (d) (d) (a) (b) (b) (e)

41 42 · 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

(a) (b) (e) (b) (d) (d) (d) (d) (a) (a)

(b)

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS I

12. (c): When we study about an event by 5. (b): Division of population on the basis of

taking a sample from the population it class, income, education level etc is

is cal.led · statistic and a group . of called stratification and every member

statistical measures is called statistics. of ea~h stratum has equal chance of

4. (b): In random sampling technique every being selected by the researcher. In

number of the population has equal this way characteristics of various

chance of being selected. strata are identified and studied.

6. (c): The more the sample represents the

population the more accurate are the

results of the study. Sample can be made

more representative either by increasing

the size of the sample or by following

more rellable method of sampling.

7. (c): If characteristics of the population is

homogeneous a small sample may be

enough for study because it may

represent the whole population easily.

8. (d): When long survey is being done and

population is scattered over a large area

then researcher selects various groups

from the whole area. The selection of

these groups is bailed on the discretion

ofthe researcher.

14. (c): In normative researches only data are

collected from the survey and after

analysing them results are declared.

Thus there is no need of manipulating

independent variables. In ex-post facto research

effects are already known and

researcher studies the. causes lying

behind these ' effects. Here too

independent variable are not

manipulated.

15. (a): Studies opposite to ex-post facto are

experi-mental ones where various

causes are first presented and their

effects due to manipulation of the single

variable are seen. .

16. (b): Reference collection is not needed in

experimental studies because a

researcher relies only on his own

results which may be different from the

previous studies.

22. (b): It is but natural to face various

problems in life and seeking solutions

to these problems is a must. A true

teacher always tries to get solution of

his problem by doing formal or informal

researches.

25. (c): Such type of studies are always

comparative in nature. He should say

that Mr. X is socially or economically

backward as compared to Mr Y.

32. (b): If there is only one coin the probability

of its being head and tail is 50% - 50%.

If coins are two then each will have 25%

chance of getting down head and tail.

Now if coins are four this chance will be

12Y2% each and so on.

37. (a): Questionnaire is most appropriate technique

for studying such problems

because a large sample of the

population can be covered in a short

period by mailing it to the respondants.

41. (a): When one variable is increasing and

the other one is decreasing then

correlation will be negative, zero

correlation means variables are

independent of each other and in

positive correlations direct relationship

is seen in both the variables

42. (b): In cross-sectional studies population of

various ages, sex or religions is taken

and their attributes are collected. Then

which attribute is common to a

particular group is identified by

averaging the attributes.

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS

1. COMPUTERS

Computers were originally invented to carry

out numerical calculations in the 19308-408.

Later they were gradually developed to process

aU kinds of data. such 8S numbers, texts, and

other types of media.

A computer system consists of two types of

components: hardware and software.

Hardware is the equipment used to perform

the necessary oomputations and includes the

central processing unit (CPU), monitor,

keyboard, mouse, printer, and 80 on.

Software consists of programs written in

programming languages that control the

hardware to carry out variolls tasks.

Whatever a computer needs to process are

eventually translated into binary numbers,

consisting of Os and le. The programs are

translated into lists of instructions working on

the binary numbers.

2. HARDWARE

Major hardware components of a computer

include memory, processing unit, and input!

output devices.

Memory is the place w here the programs

and data are stored. It can be imagined as an

ordered sequence of storage locations called

memory cells. Each cell has a unique address,

which is like a serial number of the cell in the

memory.

The data stored in a memory cell are called

the contents of the cell. Program treated as a

special type of data. The concept of "stored

program", let a program be stored in the

memory before they can be executed.

A memory cell contains a sequence of

binary digits, or bits. Each bit is either a 0 or

a l. A sequence of eight bits is usually called a

byte, which represent a character, such the

ones on a keyboard.

To store a value i.nto a certain address means to

give it new contents (so the previous one is

gone). To retrieve a value from a memory cell

means to copy the contents to another place

without destroying it.

In a computer, there are several types of

memory. There is the distinction between main

memory and secondary memory - the former is

faster and smaller, but the latter is cheaper, and

often removable. At the current time, the former

is usually in silicon chips, while the latter in

hard disks, floppy disks, CDs and 80 on.

There are two types of main memory: RAM

(random access memory) and ROM (read·only

memory). Their differences are that the

contents of RAM can be modified, and are

usually volatile i.e., will be lost when the

computer is switched off. On the otber band,

secondary memory is not volatile.

In the following, ~main memory" means

RAM.

The terms used to quantify storage

capacities:

1 byte (B) = 8 bite.

1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes, i.e .. 2 10 bytes

1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes, i.e., 220 bytes

1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes. i.e .. 230 bytes

1 terabyte (fB) = 1024 gigabytes, i.e., 2"0 bytes

In a computer, most. of the operations are

performed by a CPU (central processing unit.),

though there are computers wit.h multiple

CPUs. A CPU has two tasks: coordination of all

computer operations and performing arithmetic

and logical operations on data.

The CPU follows the instructions contained

in a program (written in a computer·

understandable language). In each step. the

CPU fetches (i.e., retrieves) an instruction,

interprets its content to decide what to do, and

then do it, which may mean to move data from

one place to another, or change data in a certain

way. Other common operations include

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,

comparison, and so on.

CPU usually executes instructions one

after another, but can also jump to another

memory cell according to an instruction.

At the current time. a CPU is in a single

integrated circuit (I C), or call it a chip.

A computer uscs its inputJoutput (I/O)

devices to communicate with human uscs and

other computers.

For a human user, the usual input device is

a keyboard and a mouse, and the usual output

device is a monitor (display screen), and a

printer. The human-computer interaction

(Hef) can either happen in a command-line

user interface. or a graphical user interface

(GUl).

A computer network carries out

communications among computer systems.

There are different types of networks: localarea

network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN).

The Internet connects computers allover the

world. which supports the World Wide Web

CNWW), am'ong many of its usages.

To connect to another computer, a

computer needs a modem (modulatorl

demodulator), or some other network device, to

translate between its intemallanguage and the

language used in the network communication.

The communications can go through all kinds

of cables, or wireless.

3. SOFTWARE

In a computer, there is a software that occupies

a special position: the operating system (OS).

With respect to it, all other softwarca are

application softwares. which are managed and

supported by the OS.

When a computer is turned on, it starts by

executing part of the OS that is stored in a

ROM, which then loads the rest of the OS from

hard disk and starts it. This process is called

"booting".

When running, an OS has the following main

responsibilities: * comm uweating with the user, * allocating resources (CPU time, memory

space, printer usage .... ).

* connection 1/0 devices With running

programs. * transferring data between main and

secondary memory.

In summary. we often say t.hat the OS

manage processes and resources.

At the current time, the most often used OS

include UnixlLinux, Microsoft Windows. and

Macintosh OS. It is possible for a ~mputer to

have more than one as stored in its memory.

but usually only one can be used at a time.

An application software uses the computer

to accomplish a specific task. They are usually

purchased on CD. and installed into the

computer (so itia stored in memory and known

to the OS), before they can be used in the

computer.

The CPU, in a machine language, in which

a program is in binary code. eventually

executea every software. Since programs in this

language are not easily understandable by a

human user, the same program is usually also

described in other, more human-readable

languages.

One type of them is a88Cmbly language. in

which the instructions are represented by

symbols and numbers.

Another type of language are more humanoriented,

called "higher· level languages", which

are closer to mathematicaJ languages and

natural languages (such as English), as wellu

machi,ne-independent .

Typical exampJes of high-level language

include FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, BASIC,

Pascal, LISP, Prolog, Perl, C, C++, and Java.

Special programs accomplish the

translation fr,om high-level languages and

assembly languages into machine languages:

compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. A

compiler translates a soUrce program in a highlevel

language into an object-program in the

machine language. An interpreter interprets

and executes a program in a high-level

language line by tine. An assembler translate8

a source program in an assembly language inti!?

an object program in the machine language . .

A high-level language usually comes with

many readymade common programs, so the

user can include them in programs, neither

than rewrite them. The program responsible for

this is called a "linker". It links user object

programs and related "library programs", and

produces executable programs.

There are software packages ca lled

"integrated development environment" (IDE)

which organize all the related software (e.g.,

editor, compiler, linker, loader, debugger)

together to support t he development of a

software.

During the execution of a program in

machine language, it typically get some input

data from the memory, process them according

the predetermined procedure, then store some

output data into the memory, and display some

information to the user.

4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

SClitware developing, also called programming,

is .li problem-solving prOcess. It usually consists

of the following major steps:

1. Specify the p roblem: to state the

problem clearly and unambiguously.

2. Analyze the problem: to identify the

corresponding outputs.

3.Design t he algorit hm: to develop a list

of steps, called an algorithm, that will

start with the input and stop with the

output:

4. Implement t he algor ithm: to write a

program in a language according to the

algorithm.

5. 'Test the program: to verify that the

program indeed produces the desired

result in selected testing cases.

6. Maintain the program: to update the

program according to new information.

Very. often, steps in the above procedure

need to be repeated to filed the errors found in the

process.

EXAMPLE

Kilometer-mile translation.

1. Specify the problem: a survey of maps,

some with dIstances in kilometer, while

others with miles. All result should be in

kilometer.

2. Analyze the problem: distance in miles

should be cOnverted into kilometers. Tbe

relationship is that one mile equals 1.609

kilometer. Therefore, the input is a miles

value. the output is the corresponding

kilometer value.

3. Design the algorithm: there are three

steps: (i) get the distance in miles,

(ii) times 1.609 to that number. and

(iii) display the result.

4. Implement the algorithm

5. Test the program: run it with several

distances in miles as input, then check the

output.

6. Maintain the program: unnecessary for

this problem.

The World-Wide Web:

Its Uses as a Teaching Tool

'World-Wide Web represents a new concept in

technology, the library on your desktop, the

dictionary at your fingertips, the sound at your

ear. There is nothing that we hear or see that

will not be available through WWW'.

Why Use the Web?

The World· Wide Web (or the Web) is one of the

most accessible tools available for academician

to use. It allows an easy means of publishing

material, it has a low learning curve, the

majority of its brow del'S are graphical and userfreindly,

and above all it is free to most people

in Higher Education.

The Web works on a client-server prinCIple.

The user launches their browser (e.g. Netscape)

on their machine, which in turn interrogates a

server retrieving files. Files are located via

their Uniform Resource Locator (URL)-a

unique address detailing the protocol for

transferring the data, the domain name of the

Web server, and the pathname/filename of the

actual document. The Web presents a head-on

comparison with traditional multimedia·

authoring tools such as Tool Book, HyperCard.

Director, and 80 on. Academies who wish to

create simple computer·aided learning

courseware often face the decision of whether

they should go down the path of learning a

multimedia-authoring tool and distributing the

material on a CD-ROM or floppy disk; or

whether they should move to the Internet and

utilise the multimedia and hypertext

capabilities of the Web. To clarify this a bit

more, it is useful to list the advantages and

disadvantages of multimedia authoring tools

(MM) when compared with the Web.

Advantages of MM authoring

1. Most of them have very sophisticated

editing tools and background scripting

languages.

2. Most will allow run-time versions to be

distributed without the need for third

parties to have the full version of the

software they were created in (e,g.

HyperCard player, etc.).

3. Due to their long history of development

there is 8 substantial amount of supporting

material and publications to help a

prospective author.

4. The author tends to have control over the

data, restricting its distribution, as well as

the end-users' abilities to alter material.

Disadvantages ofMM authoring

1. Every authoring package has its

limitations; often limited to a single

platform: poor in handling hypertext.

2. Unless the author creates specialised

importing features most of the data used in

the final product will be locked into the

package making subsequent editing a

problem.

3. The life-expectancy of these products is

questionable.

strides in making the authoring software

mOn! easy to use, it should still be noted that

the learning curve for some products is still

very high.

Advantages of the Web

1. Assuming one has access to a Web server

(usually your institution's mainframe),

publication of ma ter ial (not includinl

2. HTML. the mark-up la nguage used in

creating World-Wide Web documents. ill

very easy to learn.

3. The Web uses non-propriety standards thUl

giving the site a longer life expectancy: e.,.

text is in plain ASClI. HTML is a sub-setol

SGML, graphics appear 8S JPEG or GIF,

etc. It is subsequently cross-platform (i.e.

the same document can be viewed through

a Macintosh, a Windows machine, a UNIX

box. and even a dumb terminal using such

browsers as LYNX though this necessitatee

the loss of multimedia elements).

4. Once established, the material is made

available to an international audience

amounting to millions (with no extra

distribution costs).

5. Linking from the document is not restricted

to data elsewhere on the machine's hard

drive or the CD-ROM the program is

distributed on, but can be international In

turn. if you are thinking of creating a

virtual environment for your students, the

Web will allow to link, with ease, to other

Universities.

6. Software needed for the Web is free in most

4. The potential audience is limited by the

distribution process (e.g. cost and speed of 7.

producing CD-ROMs), and the platform

requirements.

cases (both browsers and servers) or very

cheap, and are easy to use.

The Web can deliver multimedia (including

video and audio) elements in additio:l to

text. Additionally, plug-ins for the various

browsers allow users to interact with VRML

sites.

5. If the product is upgraded this would have to

be in conjunction with a re-issue of a new

version, entailing all the problems of 8.

advertising these changes, plus a renewed

round of distribution.

6. Although software houses have made great

Editing of existing files is straightforward.

Furthermore, as it works on a clientiserver

basis there is no onus on the developer to reo

issue upgrades.

Disadvantages of the Web

1. At present, the screen design facilities and

animation capabilities of the Web are not as

advanced as those provided with most of the

authoring packages. However,

Macromedia's Shockwave goes someway to

addressing this; as does Java; or the more

user friendly JavaScript. Cascading style

sheets may aid the screen layout process in

the near future.

2. Access on networks is slow (probably the

most consistent criticism levelled at

publishing on the Internet). However, in

answer to this, it tlhould not be forgotten

that HT11L flies can be read from local

networks or bard drives thus dispensing

with the reliance on the speed of the

Internet. Academics wishing to provide online

tutorials or notes via the Web could

even distribute their files on floppy disks.

3. By opening up access to an international

audience there are ·serious implications for

publish on the Web will probably have to

agree world rights on the material t!tey use.

In short, the technical problems, though

still there on the Web, are far outweighed by the

advantages of using it, making it a more

attractive prospect for the development of CBL

material than traditional multimediaauthoring

packages (though it should be noted

that manufacturers of the latter are constantly

seeking ways to deliver traditional multimedia

packages through Web browsers).

INTERNET

The term Internet stands for InterNetwork

Systems. It is a global network of

networks. It consists of thousands of

interconnected computer networks. TIle growth

of the Internet is phenomenal. The Internet is

being viewed as a phenomenon unparalleled

since the invention of the printing press that

ushered in a revolution in the production,

circulation and exchange of information. The

technical foundation of the Internet allows it to

keep expanding almost indefinitely.

The Internet has been compared with a

tidal wave that will wash over the computer

industry snd many others and drowning those

who don't learn to swim in its waves. As the

computer has become a part and parcel of

modern offices the Internet will force itself into

the very texture of our life by the turn of the

century. For millions of users the world over,

Internet has become a means of cross-border

transfer of information. It facilitates direct

contact between researchers from different

countries. It is an exceptional means of

communication. It offers an opportunity to

every individual to exercise power in a way that

no information structure has ever provided.

Information put on the Internet becomes

instantaneously available and which can be

accessible to millions of individuals.

No single individual or organisation owns the

Internet. Its management is completely

decentralised. It is entirely managed by

individual and organisational volunteers. Each

network meets the expenditure for the

installation and operating costs as well as those

of connecting up with the other networks_

USES OF THE INTERNET

The list of services available on the Internet is

expanding everyday. It has come to be the

single unparalleled dt!vice for rmding solutions

to all sorts of problems. Image, sound and text

travel easily on the Internet. Users from all

over the world can discuss back and forth. The

Internet can arrange a round table conference

at much lower cost. It has already become a

new medium of business. Some important

applications of the Internet are:

E-mail: E-mail is the most widely used

Internet service and it has abolished the notion

of distance. To send a message through E-mail

one has to type a message and it would travel

instantly over the network to whomever one

wishes. An electronic mailbox that is an

address, which specifies the source or

destination of an electronic mail message, is the

essence of electronic mail. This mailbox,. a

storage area that keeps the message until the

user reads it. An e-mail message can include

text, graphics, voice and video.

FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a client·

server protocol allows a user on one computer

system to t.ransfer files to and from another

computer system over a TeptIP network

regardless of the platforms the users or the host.

(remote) site are using provided the user knows

the address of the host computer and has some

kind of idea of the information stored there.

Usenet: Usenet originally implemented in

1979-80 has grown to develop as the largest

decentralised information utility in existence. It

encompasses government agencies,

universities, high schools, business houses of

all denominations and individuals. Usenet has

emerged 8S one of the important segments of

the Internet. There are innumerable topics. A

typical Use net message may contain plain text

andlor encoded binary information. Each

message has a series of headlines which defme

the source bfthe messagc, its destination, time

and location of posting, what route it has taken

over the network and 80 on.

Chatting interactively in real time: It is

possible to speak (VOICE) in real time on the

Internet provided one uses the right kind of

software. The quality of the audio depends on

the application, the speed of the computer and

the compression method used. Standard

compression protocols are: CSM, CVSD AND

RTP. In a full duplex conversation, one can

speak and hear the other person at the same

time. In half duplex, only one person can speak

at a time.

TelNet: One can access other computers via

the Internet by using TeLNet· one of the most

important protocols of the Internet. TelNet

provides the user an opportunity to be on one

computer system and do work on another·

which may be very near or thousands of

kilometers away.

Acquiring .software ; The Internet is the

world's biggest software library and it is

possible to acquire software from the Internet.

The software which are available free from the

Internet are known as freeware a nd another

kind is known as shareware software which is

available for nominal charge.

World Wide Web (WWW): There is an

incredible amount of inform.ation on the

Internet and it is growing exponentially. As any

individual or organisation does not control the

Internet there is no master record of its

information resources. WWW,aproductofthe

continuous search for innovative ways of

searching information, is a mecha nism that

links together information stored on many

computers throughout the world. One of the

important characteri stics of the WWW

documents is their hypertext structure created

by Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) a

simple data format. HTML lets one easily link

words or pictures in one document to other

documents and the resulting bypertext

documents are portable from one platform to

another. HTML works on matter where the

documents are stored - whether in the same

computer or elsewhere on the Net. One will just

have to click on a phrase or icon in t he first

document with one's mouse for the Internet to

fetch the related documents on the computer's

screen. The system requirements for running a

WWW server are minimal. WWW provides a

way to interconnect computers running

different operating systems. The simplicity of

the HTML used for interactive documents allows

a user to contribute to the expanding database

of documents. The possibilities for hypertext in

the WWW environment are endless.

ISSUES OF CONCERN * As the Internet is growing 80 are host of

ethical concerns abo ut it. Certainly

researchers and scholars - the early users

of the Internet - would like to protect the

Internet from censorsh ip. But law·

enfol'cing age ncies particularly in those

countries where the Internet is widely

used are considering means to curb

impersonators, pirates and other

improper users. At present censorship is

mainly intended to protect children

against indecent material. * Advertisement on the Net is another

thorny issue. By its interactive nature it

is more persuasive. * In the beginning, everything that was

available on the Net was free. It was

intended to provide help to researchers

around the world. But as the popularity of

the Internet is growing a number of pay -

service networks are appearing. * Problems of copyright and security have

already surfaced. * The continuation of the Internet as a

democratic information infrastructure

seems to be threatenerl by the notorious

web-based terrorists who attempt to

spread disinformation and the software

giants who are trying to define the

Webonomics. * Some people think that Internet may

eventually end up in being a medium of

ideological propaganda. However, such

concerns do not seem to he well founded

unlike other technologies of the past it is

diversifying rather than a centralising

force. * The rising popularity of the Internet is

creating traffic jams and at certain times

of the day the networks are so crowded

that it is practically impossible to connect

with certain server.

The In~rnet is still evolving. The real

Internet of the future may bear very little

resemblance to today's Internet. The growth of

the Internet has not followed any planned path

in the past. But one thing about its future can

be said with certainty that it is poised to be

much bigger and exponentially faster.

SPACE SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION MILESTONES

1962 : Indian National Committee for Space

Research (INCOSPAR) formed by the

Department of Atomic Energy and work on

establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket

Launching Station (TERLS) started.

1963 : First sounding rocket laUIlched from

TERLS (November 21, ] 963).

1965 : Space Science & Technology Centre

(SSTC) established in Thumba.

1967 : Satellite Telecommunication Earth

Station set up at Ahmedabad.

1968: TERLS dedicated to the United Nations

(February 2, 1968).

1969: Indian Space Research Organisation

(ISRO) formed under Department of Atomic

Energy (August 15, 1969).

1972 : Space Commission and Department of

Space set up. ISRO brought UIlder DOS (June

I, 1972).

1972-76 : Air-borne remote sensing

experiments.

1975 : ISRO becomes Government Organisation

(Ap,il1, 1975).

First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata, launched

(Ap,il19, 1975).

1975-76

SateUite Instructional Television Experiment

(SITE) conducted.

1977 Satellite Telecommunication

Experiments Project (STEP) carried out.

1979: Bhaskara-I, an experimental satellite for

earth observations, launched (JUIle 7, 1979).

First Expel'imental launch of SLV-3 with

Rahini Technology Payload on board (August

10, 1979). Satellite could not be placed in orbit.

1980: Second Experimental launch ofSLV·3.

Rohinisatellite successfully placed in ol'bit.

(J uly 18,1980).

1981 : First developmental launch of SLV-3.

RS-Dl placed in orbit (May 31,1981)

APPLE, an experimental geo-stationary

communication satellite successfully launched

(June 19, 1981).

Bhaskara·II launched (November 20, 1981).

1982: INSAT·lA laUIlch~d (April 10, 1982).

Deactivated on September 6,1982.

1983 : Second developmental launch ofSLV·3.

RS-D2 placed in orbit (April 17 , 1983).

INSAT·IB, launched (August 30, 1983).

139

1984 : I ndo-Soviet manned space mIssion (April

1984).

1987 : First developmental launch of ASLV

with SROSS-] satellite on board (March 24,

1987). Satellite could not be placed in orbit.

1988 : Launch of first operational Indian

Remote Sensing Satellite, lRS-lA (March 17,

1988).

INSAT-IC launched (July 21, 1988). Abandoned

in November 1989.

Second developmental launch· of ASLV with

SROSS·2 on board (July 13, 1988). Satellite

could not be placed in orbit.

1990: INSAT·I0 launched (June 12, 1990).

1991 : Launch of second operational Remote

Sensing satelUte, IRS·LB (August 29, 1991).

1992 : Third developmental launch of ASLV

with SROSS-C on board (May 20, 1992).

Satellite placed in orbit.. INSAT-2A, the ft.rst

satellite of the indigenously built. second·

generat.ion INSAT series. launched (July 10,

1992).

1993 : INSAT·2B, the second sateUite in the

I NSAT·2 series, launched (July 23,1993). First

developmental launch ofPSLV with IRS·IE on

board (September 20, L993). Satellite could not.

be placed in orbit.

1994 : Fourth developmentallaunc.b of ASLV

with SROSS-C2 on board (May 4, 199--1).

Satellite placed in orbit. Second developmental

launch ofPSLV with IRS·P2 on board (October

15, 1994). Satellite successfully placed in polar

sun synchronous orbit.

1995 : I NSAT·2C, the third satellite m the

INSAT·2 series, launched (December 7,1995).

Launch of third operational Indian Remote

Sensing Satellite, IRS·IC (December 28, 1995).

1996: Third developmental launch of PSLV

with IRS·P3 on board (March 21. 1996).

Satellite placed in polar sun synchronous orbit.

1997: INSAT·20, fourth sateUite in the INSAT

series. launched (June 4. 1997). Becomes

inoperable on October 4. 1997. (An in-orbit

satellite,ARABSAT·IC, since renamed INSAT.

2DT, was acquired in November 1997 to partly

augment the INSAT system).

First operational launch otPSLV with IRS·] D

on board (September 29, 1997). Satellite placed

in orbit.

1998: INSAT system capacity augmented With

the readiness of INSAT-2DT acquired from

ARABSAT(January 1998).

1999 : INSAT·2E, the last satel lite In the

multipurpose INSAT-2 series, launched by

Ariane from I{Ourali French Guyana (April 3.

1999).

fndian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS·P4

(OCEANSAT), launched by_ Polar Satellite

Launch Vehicle (pSLV·C2) along with Korean

KITSAT-3 and German OLR·TUBSAT from

Sriharikotn (May 26, 1999).

2000: I NSAT-3B, the first satellite in the third

generation INSAT·3 series. launched by Artane

from KQurou French Guyana (March 22, 2000).

2001: Successfulllight test ofGeosynch..ronolis

Satelhte Launch Vehicle (OSLV). (April 18,

2001) with an experimental satellite GSAT·} on

board.

Successful launch of PSLV·C3 (October 22,

2001) placing three satellites India's TES,

Belgian PROBA and German BI RD. in to Polar

sunsynchronous orbit.

2002 : Successful launch of INSAT-3C by

Ariane from Kourou. French

Guyana

(January

24,2002).

ISRO's Polar Satell.tte Launch Vehicle, PSLV·

C4, s uccessfully launched KALPANA·l

satellite from Sriharikota (September 12, 2002).

Succcssfullaunch ofINSAT-3A by Arlane from

Kourou French Guyana, (April 10, 2003).

The Second developmental launch ofGSLV-02

with GSAT-2 on board from Sriharikota (May 8,

2003).

Successful launch of INSAT -3E by Ariane from

Kourou French Guyana, (September 28, 2003).

ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV.

C5, successfully launched RESOURCESAT·!

(lRS-P6) satellite from Srihankota (October 17,

2003).

India

launchesEOUSAT. exclusive satellite for

educatitma1services. (September 2004)

India

recognised the potential of space

science and technology for the socio-economic

developmentofthe society soon after the launch

of Sputnik by erstwhile

USSR

in 1957. The

Indian space efforts started in the sixties with

the establishment of Thumba Equatorial

Rocket Launching Station near

Thiruvananthapuram for the investigation of

ionosphere using sounding rockets. The Indian

Space Research Organisation (ISRO), was

established in 1969 under the Department of

Atomic Energy. The Government of India gave

fillip to the space activities by formally setting

up t.'le Space Commission and the Department

of Space (DOS) in June 1972 and ISRO was also

brought under Department of Space.

Over the last three decades,

India

has

achieved an enviable progress in the design,

development and operation of space systems, as

well as using the systems for vital seryices like

telecommunication, television broadcasting,

meteorology, disaster warning and natural

resources survey and management. The space

programme has become largely self-reliant with

capability to design and build its own satellites

for providing space services and to launch them

using indigenously designed and developed

launch vehicles.

The successful first test flight of Geosrynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

from Sriharikota on April 18, 2001 was the

most significant milestone of the Indian space

programme. The launch unequivocally

demonstrated

India

's capability to place

satellites into geo-synchronous transfer orbits.

India

is among the si" nations in the world to

achieve such a capability. The launch of OS LV

is the culmination of efforts of several DOS

centres and other institutions that involved

complex interfaces between scientific and

technological disciplines, industries and

research institutions.

Another important milestone during the

year was the succeasfulflight of PSLV-C3 on

October 22, 2001 from Sriharikota. In this fifth

consecutively successful flight, PSLV placed

three satellites - India's Technology Experiment

Satellite, TES, Belgian PROBA and German

BIRD into their intended polar sun·

synchronous orbit. The requircment of a higher

orbit for the Belgian PROBA compared to other

two satellites was successfully met by a flight.

manoeuvre. Both German and Belgian

satellites were launched under commcrcial

agreements. The flight has clearly established

the reliabil\ty of PSLV for launching not onJy

the Indian remote sensing satellites, but also,

multiple satellites thus making it an attractive

vehicle for the international space community

to launch their satellites. PSLV is also used for

a geo-synchronous transfer orbit mission for

launching

India

's l\1ETSAT in 2002·03.

The INSAT system for telecommunication,

television broadcasting and meteorology has

received further boost during the year with t.he

successful launch ofINSAT·3C on January 24,

2002. INSAT·3C will not only augment the

present INSAT system but also continue the

services of some of the satellites that need to be

phased out at the end of their mission life.

INSAT is one of the largest domestic

communication satellite systems in the world

with five satellites, INSAT·2C, INSAT·2DT,

INSAT·2E, INSAT·3B and INSAT·3C. The

INSAT system also includes a few transponders

leased Crom other agencies for meeting the

current demands.

Planning of IN SAT -4 series of satellites has

been initiated based on detailed discussions

with the various users. Seven satellites are

proposed in the INSAT-4 series. Experimental

communication satellites, OSATa, are built,

which are launched during the developmental

test flights of GSLV. Besides the use of INSAT

for telecommunication, broadcasting and

meteorological s~rvices, emphasis is being

given for using the system for grassroots level

applications like developmental communication

and satellite·based training. New initiatives'

have been taken for using INSAT fOI"

introduction of tele·medicine to make speciality

treatment accessible to the population an

remote areas.

The Indian remote sensing satellite system,

IRS, which has the biggest constellation of

satellites, continues to provide space-based

remote sensing data for 8 number of

applications in

India

and abroad. IRS system,

at present, has five satellites, namely, LRS-lC,

IRS·1D, IRS·P3, fRS·P4 (OCEANSAT) and

Technology Experiment Satellite (TES). The

TES has given further fillip to advance the

tecbnolo~ of remote sensing in

India

. It has

enabled testing new satellite hardware and

demonstrating newer remote sensing

techniques. It incorporates a panchromatic

camera providing a spatial resolution of up to

1 m. Remote sensing satellites like RESOURCESAT,

CARTOSAT·I and CARTOSAT·2, is

progressing well. They will not only continue

the services of the present IRS satellites but

8.lso enhance the service capabilities.

CARTOSAT·l is already in service.

The remote sensing applications continue

to expand to several new areas; the data has

been used to assess damage due to floods,

earthquakes, etc. and for helping in relief

operations.

Remote Sensing Data Policy (RSDP) was

announced which helps in streamline the

availability of remote sensing data from indian

and-foreign satellites to users in

India

The launch of two satellites . one of

Belgium

and another of

Germany

- on board PSLV

marks an important event during the year

under commercial marketing of

India

's space

capabilities. Data from IRS satellites continue

to be received by several ground stations

worldwide. The lease agreement of

transponders on board INSAT·2E to

INTELSAT has continued.

SPACE TRANSPORTATION

Space Transportation system includes the

satellite launch vehicles to place satellites like

I NSAT and IRS Bnd scie ntific satellites in the

requisite orbits as well as the sounding rockets

for carrying out short duration scientific

experiments.

India

made a modest beginning in

this area with the launch of a 75 mm diameter

sounding rocket in 1963 for investigation of

ionosphere over the gee-magnetic equator over

Thumba, near Thiruvananthapuram. Since

then, India has established a s ubstantial

capability in the design, development and

operationalisation of a series of sounding

rockets for scientific investigations, Polar

Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV, for launching

Indian remote sensing satellites and Geosynchronous

Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV,

for launching geo.stationary communication

satellites.

EARTH OBSERVATIONS SYSTEM

Earth Observations System (EOS) is an

important space infrastructure that has been

established by the Department of Space (DOS).

The system, which was commissioned in 1988

with the launch of Indian Remote Sensing

SatelHte, IRS· lA, has the world's largest

constellation of five satellites (IRS·} C, fRS·l D.

IRS-P3, IRS-P4 and TES) presently in '

operation. It provides space-based remote

sensing data in a variety of spatial resolutions

and spectral bands meeting the needs of various

applications.

The EOS definition, development, operation

and ita application are co·ordinated by the

National Natural Resources Management

System (NNRMS), for which DOS is the nodal

agency. NNRMS is an integrated resource

management system a imed at optimal

utilisation of country's natllral resources by a

proper and systematic inventory of resource

availability using EOS data in conjunction with

conventional techniques. NNRMS is supported

at the national leve l by the Planning

Committee of NNRMS (pC·NNRMS), which

provides guidelines for implementation of the

system and also oversees the progress of remote

sensing applications for natural resources

management in the country. The NNRMS

activities are guided by ten Standing

Committees, namely, (i) Agriculture & Soils,

(ii) Bio-Resources (iii) Geology and Mineral

Resources (iv) Water Resources (v) Ocean

Resources (vi) Cartography & Mapping (vii)

Urban Management (viii) Rural Development

(ix) Technology & Training and (x) Meteorology.

Each of the Standing Committee is chaired by

Secretaries of the re spective Government

departments and includes experts from major Modular Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS)

user departments. Ground reIOiullOl'l (m) 1S69x139fi 623,11.523 523lCfi44

SPACE SEGMENT No. of 8p«:tU.l bliimls

Satellites in Operation: There are 5 spectral (nm) 765-768 log·IOto U;00-1700

Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites in Swath (km)

operational at.. present· IRS·lC, IRS-lD,IRS·P3,

IRS-P4 and Technology Experiment Satellite X-ray Payload

(TES). IRS-IB, which was launched in August - Three Pointed Proportional Counters (PPC)

1991. was decommissioned during the year in Energy range of2-20 keY

after it served for more than 10 years, even . X·ray Sky Monitor (XSM) 10 Energy

though it was designed for only three years life. range 2-8 ke V

IRS-1C and IRS-1D: IRS-IC and IRS-ID. IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT).· IRS·P4 spacecraft was

which .r. identical, were launched in

launched on board PSLV-C2 10 May 1999. It

December 1995 .nd September L997

carries the following payloads:

respectively. They carry three cameras. Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM)

Panchromatic Camera (PAN), Linear Imaging Sensor Parameters Specifications

Self Scanner (LISS-III) and Wide Field Sensor Spatial Resolution (m) 360

(WiFS) with foUowing specifications:

Swath {km) 1'120

PAN ~ WLl~S Repetitivity (days) 2

VNIR " SWIR

Local time of equator 12 nool1

1 ~lIa ,. 23,1) 70.5 ". Crossing (bra) ReaoIuUon {mJ

SV0'8lh (\on) 7. '" , .. 81. Spectral Bands (nm) 402-422; 433·453;

Speroal Band 0.6·0.76 0.62·0.159 1.~1.7 0.62·0.68 480-500; 500-520;

(MlCI'OMJ 0.62·0.68 0.77-0.86 545-565: 660-680;

0,77·0.86 745-785: 845-885

IRS-PS IRS·P3 w8s1aunched Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave 10 March L996 on board

India

's PSLV. It carries n Wide Field Sensor Radiometer (MSMR)

(Wi.FS), Modular Opto-electronics Scanner Frequency (Gflr.) 6.G 10.6 '8 21

(MOS) developed by the German Space Agency. SIl8tJ.a1 Re80lubon (kro) '20 80 40 40

DLR, and an X·ray astronomy instrument. The Swath (km) 1360

details of the payload are as follows: Temp. Resolution 1,0 dCR K

IRS-P3 is operated in earth pointing mode for

the operation ofWiFS and MOS and Dynamic Temp. Range 330 dog J.: In the sky·

pointmg mode for the operation of the X-ray Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)

instrument. TES was launched on board PSLV -C3 on October

Wide Field Sensors (WiFS) 22, 2001. The satellite, weighing lL08 kg, is an

llond ·3 0.62·0.68 micron~ experimental satellite to demonstrate and

Bond-'I 0.77·0.86 microns validate, in orbit, technologies that could be

Band·~ I.M-1.70 microns used in the future satellites of ISRO. Some of

Ground nllJOlution 182xl66 (red .. d

the technologies that are being demonstrated m

m near TES are attitude and orbit control system, high mfn-red);

246xl86 m (shorlwo\'1! infratorque

reaction wheels, new reaction control

red) system with optimised thrusters and a single

SWBth 810 km

propellant tank, light woi!ight spacecraft

structure, solid state recorder, X-band phased

143

array antenna, improved satellite positioning

system, miniaturised TIC and power system

and, two·mirror·on·a:'cis camera optics. TES

also carries a panchromatic camera with a

spatial resolution of 1 m.

FOLLOW-ON SATELLITES FOR EARTH

OBSERVATION

IRS-P6 (RESOURCESAT-l), IRS·P6

(RESOURCESAT·l) is launched by PSLV in

2002·03. It will carry the following payloads:

(i) a multi·spectral camera USS·3 providing

23.5 m spatial resolution in four spectral

bands with a swath of 140 km,

(ii) a high resolution multi·spectral camera

LISS·4 providing 5.8 m spatial resolution

operating in three spectral bands and

(iii) an Advanced Wide Field Sensor (A WiFS)

with a spatial resolution better than 70 m

in three spectral bands and providing a

swath of 740 km.

IRS·P6 will not.only provide service continuity

to IRS·1C and IRS·IO but also enhance the

service capa,bilities in the areas of agriculture,

disaster management, land and water

resources, with better resolution imageries.

mS-P5 (CARTOSAT -1), lRS·P5 is launched

by PSLV in 2003·04. The satellite is primarily

intended for advanced cartographic

applications. IRS·P5 will have two

panchromatic cameras on board with 2.5 m

resolution with a swath of 30 km each. These

cameras are mounted with a tilt of +26 deg and

-5 deg along the track with respect to nadir to

provide stereo pairs of images needed for the

generation of Digital Terrain Model (OTM)/

Digital Elevation Models (OEM) of the required

regions. The data products will be used for

cartographic applications, cadastral mapping

and updating, land use and other GIS

applications. The satellite has a revisit

capability of 5 days, which can be realised by

steering the spacecraft about roll axis by 26

degrees.

During tbe year tbe equipment panel

design bas been finalised. Various components

are under development and testing.

Ground Segment: The ISRO Telemetry,

Tracking and Command Network (lSTRAC)

monitors and controls aU the IRS satellites

besides other low earth orbit satellites. ISTRAC

has a ni!twork of ground stations located at

Bangalore, Sriharikota, Port Blair.

Thiruvanantbapuram, Mauritius and

Bearslake witb multi·mission Spacecraft

Control Centre at Bangalore. TIC stations at

Brunei

and Biak have a]so been added recently.

ISTRAC. at present tra.cks, monitors and

controls IRS·IC,IRS·ID, IRS·P3, JRS·P4 and

TES. ISTRAC was extensively used for

conducting various demonstrations on TES.

The payload operations on IRS·IC and IRS·ID

are carried out over the Inman stations at

Shadnagar in India as wp.ll as foreign data

reception stations at Fairbank (USA), Seoul,

Korea, Cotopaxy (Ecuador), Dubai, NeustraJitz

(Germar.y), Norman (USA), Tokai (Japan) and

Riyad (Saudi Arabia). On an average abou~ 350

to 400 payload operations a.re being carried out

per month.

IRS·P3 payload operations are being carried out

for about 250 times per month over Shadnagar

India

, Neustralitz and Wallops (

Germany

)

and Maspolamas (

Spain

SATELLITE DATA ACQUISiTION,

PROCESSING AND DISSEMINATION

The Nap.onal Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA),

Hyderabad, oontinues to receive remote sensing

data from the Indian satellites, IRS·IC, IRS·lO,

IRS·PS, IRS·P4 and the TES as well as the

NOAA·14, Landsat·5 and European ERS·2.

The Data Reception Station (ORS) of NRSA at

Shadnagar, has been further augmented to

receive data from TRS·P5 (CARTOSAT) and

IRS·P6 (RESOURCESAT).

Aerial Remote Sensing: NR5A operates two

aircraft that have been modified for multi·

sensor operation with high performance work

station and digital photogrammetry system to

generate data products. Aerial remote sensing

services provided by NRSA is availed by several

agencies for aerial photography, mapping,

infrastructure planning, aeromagnetic

surveys,large scale base maps and topographic

and cadastral mapping. Some of the aerial

surveys carried out include aerial photography

of nine towns of Gujarat that were affected by

the earthquake in January 2001, twenty seven

towns in Andhra Pradesh, seven districts in

Madhya Pradesh, three towns of Rajasthan,

Bangalore peripheral areas and flood affected

areas of Orissa. Low altitude flightR for

airborne geophysical survey for Atomic Mineral

Division and nights carrying Synthetic

Aperture Radar have also been carried out.

Re mote Sensing Data Policy: The

Govcrnmen~ has announced, a Remote Sensing

Data Policy (RSDP) in order to streamline the

availability of remote sensing data from Indian

and foreign satellites to users in

India

. As per

the RSDP. Government's permission will be

required for operating remote sensing satellites

India

and for distribution of satellite images

India

. The NRSA, Hyderabad, will be the

national acquisition and distribution aeeney for

all satellite data within

India

. NRSA can enter

into agreements for distribution of data from

foreign satellite in

India

. Antrix Corporation,

the commercial agency under the Department

of Space, will license the use of IRS capacities

outside

India

The announcement of RSDP is an

important step towards making transparent.

the procedures of satellite data distribution,

including those from high·resolution imaging

systems. I t would help to regulate the process of

image distribution so that Indian users are not

denied access to valuable satellite based

imageries, which can be used in the

development of natural resources.

Remote Sensing Applications: Space-based

remote sensing, because of its synoptic and

repetitive coverage of large areas as well as

providing data in a quantifiable manner has

enabled monitoring and assessment of various

natural resources. Today space· based remote

sensing is used for several areas of resources,

survey and management. Projects of national

relevance in different application themes are

being carried out with the involvement of user

agencies at central and state levels.

Some of the major applications to which

remote sensing is being used in the country are

highlighted in the following paragraphs.

Crop Acreage llnd Production Estimation

(CAPE): CAPE was initiated in 1995 with the

sponsorship of the Department of Agriculture

and Cooperation. Under this project, multi·date

lRS satellite data are used for pre-harvest

acreage and production estimation for major

food crops as well as cotton. The estimates are

provided far kharif rice in Bihar. rabi dee in

Orissa, mustard in Assam, Gujarat, Haryana,

Rajasthan and West Bengal, wheat in Bihar,

Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,

Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and sorghum in

Maharashtra.

FASAL: Based on the success of CAPE. an

enlarged and comprehensive scheme known as

Forecasting Agricultural output using Space,

Agrometeorology and Land based observations

(FASAL) bas been taken up. FASAL now covers

kharif rice in Orissa as a pilot project as well as

forecasting kharif rice production at the

national level. It is proposed to set up a FASALNCCF

(National Centre for Crop Forecasting)

under the aegis of the Ministry of Agriculture.

DroughtAssessmentand Monitoring: Based on

the data collected by the satellites on the

vegetation indices and ground based

information, fortnightly bulletins on crop

conditions depicting ag,ricultural drought are

being issued for eleven slates, and at sub·

district level for sb: stales during kharifseason.

Flood Mapping: The Flood Mapping. using

satellite imageries are being undertaken since

1987 to help Department of Agriculture and

Cooperation and State Relief Agencies and

Central Water Commission. Under this, flood

prone river basins of Brahmaputra, Kosi,

Ganga, Indus, Godavari and Mahanadi are

covered and near real time inundation and

damage estimation maps are generated.

Forest Monitoring: The Forest Survey of

India

carries out the forest cover mapping on

1:250,000 scale on a biennial basis. Karnataka,

Andhra Pradesh and Mo.harashtra have used

satellite based dala for preparation of forest

working plans. A biodiversity characterisation

at landscape level has also been taken up in four

regions of the country, namely, North·Eastern

Himalaya, Western Himabya, Western Ghats

and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The

activities related to preparation ofbiome level

ecological zone maps and topographical details

are nearing completion. The project is being

undertaken with the sponsorship of the

Department of Biotechnology.

A few medicinal plant colonies in the

Himalayas like Hyppophae rhamnoides,

Ephedra gerardiana and Taxus baccata have

been mapped.

Irrigatron Command Areas: Under the

sponsorship of the Central Water Commission,

14 large irrigated commands covering five

states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra,

Rajasthan and West Bengal) extending to an

area of 3.12 Mha (million hectare) have been

taken up for monitoring using satellite data. So

far evaluation of seven command areas has

been complete·d.

Snow-melt Run-otl'Prediction: Forecasting

and monitoring of Snow-melt Run-off for the

Satellite River Basin is being carried out since

1994 with the sponsorship of Bhakra-Beas

Management Board. The forecast is made every

year by the first week of April, which is further

updated subsequently.

Integrated Land and Water Resources

Development: Generation of data for

Integrated Mission for Sustainable

Development (IMSD) for 84 Mha area covering

175 districts located in 28 States have been

completed and similar work has been extended

to Koraput- Bolangir-Kalahandi (KBK) region of

Orissa. The Department of Land Resources

under the Ministry of Rural Development is

now working towards institutionalising IMSD

for implementation.

Wasteland Mapping: The Wasteland

Mapping has been carried out in five phases

during 1986-2000 on a 1:50,000 scale under the

sponsorship of the Department of Land

Resources under the Ministry of Rural

Development. 13 categories of wastelands in

three broad categories have been identified - (A)

Barren rockylsheet rock.; (B) Gullied areal

ravines; and (C) Minmglindustrial wastelands.

A wasteland atlas of

India

has been generated

and the information is used for planning several

developmental programmes. A digital data base

is also now being created .

National Drinking Watel' Mission: Under

the sponsorship of the Department of Drinking

Water of the Ministry of Rural Development,

maps showing prospective zones of ground

water occurrence and recharge are being

prepared on 1:50,000 scale ill six states (Andhra

Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,

Chattisgarh, Kerala and Rajasthan). So far 930

maps have been prepared out of the 1800 maps

required. The maps are integrated with GIS

data base and identify areas and sites for

locating borewells.

Coastal Studies: Information on Coastal wet

lands, land forms, land use, shore line changes,

etc, have been mapped on 1:250,00011 :50,000

scales for the Ministry of Environment and

Forests. Coral reef maps on 1:50,000 scale for

Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Palk's Bay,

Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar islands

have been generated. Mapping of features

between High Tide Line (HTL) nnd Low Tide

Line (LTL) and land use feaLures for a strip of

500 m from HTL, on 1:25,000 scale, under

Coastal Regulation Zone has also been carried

out. The maps are used for preparing coastal

zone management plans and for formulating

regulations on construction along HTL.

Use ofIRS-P4 (OCEANSAT) Data: An endto-

end task of using IRS·P4 data for

oceanographic, marine-atmospheric and coastal

environmental applications has been taken up.

Several agencies like Department of Ocean

Development, Indian Meteorological

Department, National Institute of

Oceanography, Central Ma.rine Fisheries

Research Institute, etc., besides several State

Departments are participating in this task. The

Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) of IRS-P4

provides data on Chlorophyll distribution and

primary productivity for locating potential fish

zones, sea surface velocities,suspended

sediment movement, coastal landforms, coral

reefs, etc. The Multi-frequency Scanning

Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) on board the

satellite provides data on humidity over oceans,

water vapour content, winds, rain rate, fluxes,

sea ice, etc.

Disaster Management: Landslide Hazard

Zonation (LHZ) Mapping: Landslide Hazard

Zonation (LHZ) mapping on 1:25,000 scale is

being carried out for all major pilgrim and

tourist routes in the Himalayan region in

Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh. Database

has been created for the entire 2000 km long

corridor and LHZ maps have been prepared.

The routes covered include: RishikeshRudraprayag-

Chamoli-Badrinath, RishikeshGaumukh,

Rudraprayag-OkhimathKe

darnath ,Chamoli-Okhimath and

Pithoragarh-Malpa, all in Uttarancha1; ShimlaManali,

Shimla-Sumdo and Dalhousie-Brahmaur

in Himachal Pradesh. The maps are used by

State Public Works Departments (PWD), Border

Roads Organisation and some NOOs.

Gujarat Earthquake: The space based

imagery along with aerial remote sensing

provided inputs to the Gujarat State

Administration during the Earthquake in

January 2001 in terms of locating the worst

affected towns, to assess the changes in the

terrain features and damage assessment. The

satellite news gathering terminal was also

moved from the Space Applications Centre and

set up at Bhuj which was the only link till

February 2, 2001 to co-ordinate rescue and

relief operation.

National (Natural) kesources

Information System: A spatial information

infrastructure organised around GIS for

facilitating developmental planning and

decision making at DistrictJStatelNational

level is being implemented for the Planning

Authorities. Already NRIS has been

implemented for 30 districts and four state

nodes. The NRrs comprises 22 spatial layers

and 8 non-spatial layers pertaining to natural

resources as well as socio-economics.

QUESTIONS

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) -

A. The computer's primary processing

hardware wh,ich interprets and execute

program instructions and manages the

function of input, output and storage

devices.

- B. is considered to be heart of the

computer.

C. may reside on a single chip on the

computer's motherboard, or on a larger

card inserted into a special slot on the

motherboard

D. All the above

2. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)-

A. is the component of CPU.

B. performs arithmetic and logical

operations.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

3. Data

A. A a collection of unorganized-items

that can include letters, numbers,

symbols, images and sounds that

computer process and organize it into

meaningful information.

B. is a set or-standards for controlling the

transfer of business dOCUID€nte, such

as purchase orders and invoices,

between computers.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

4. E-MAIL

A. stands for electronic mail

B. stores purchase orders and invoices,

between computers.

C. Both A and B

D. None ofthe above

5. ED!

A stands for Electronic Data Interchange

(ED!)

B. is a set of standards for controlling the

transfer of business documents, such

as purchase orders and invoices,

between computers.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

6. Hardware

A. The physical components ofa computer

B. includes-processors, memory chips,

input/output devices, tapes, disks,

cables, modems.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

7. Input

A. A data or iJlljtruction ~hat you enter

into tne memory of a l.UDJPU(,t;L

B. hardware components that result in

the transfer of data.

147

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

8. Four types ofInput are

A. data, programs, commands and user

responses.

B. hardware components that result in

the transfer of data.

C. Both A and B

D. None ofthe above

9. The input devices are the

A. computer hardware that accepts data

and instructions from user.

B. communication between hardware

components that result in the transfer

of data.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

10. Input/Output devices(llO)

A. Communications between the user and

the computer that results in transfer of

data

B. Communication between hardware

components that result in the transfer

of data.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

11. Microsoft office

A. is .8 suite of Microsoft primary

application for window and Macintosh.

B. includes some combination of word,

Excel, Powerpoint, Access and schedule

along with a host ofinternel and other

utilities.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

12. Modem:

A. Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator.

B. It is an InputJOutput device that allows

computer to communicate through

telephone lines.

C. converts outgoing digital data into

analog signals that can be transmitted

over phone lines and converts incoming

audio signals into digital data that can

be processed by the computer.

D. All the above

13. Multimedia

A. refers to the integration of multiple

media such a8 visual imagery, text,

vide.o, sound, and animation.

B. often associated with the information

superhighway, or with interactive

T.V-that can prODuce videos

(informaion on demand) or with

hypermedia.

C. is a combinatlOn of software and

hardware, both.

D. All the above

14. Multimedia

A. is a very powerful form of

communicating ideas, searching for

information and experiencing new

concepts of common media.

B. enhance business presentations

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

15. Motherboard

A. is the main circuit board, also called

system board, in an electrOniC device

which consists of sockets that accepts

additional boards.

B. is a very powerful form of communicating

ideas

C. The interactive feature of network

D. None of the above

16. Printers

A. is an output device that produce text

and graphics on a physical medium

such as paper or transparency film.

B. are classifieds into the following

categories-Impact printers and Nonlmpact

printers.

C. Both A and B

O. None of the above

17. A program

A. is a sequence of instructions or actions

B. must have mechanisms for carrying

out processing operations (like

arithmetical operations or moving

information around) and for handling

. input and output.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

18. Output

A. The data that has been processed into

a useful form and can be scen on VDU

01' can be taken on paper by using

printer or listen to it through speakers

or a headset.

B. can be saved on a floppy disk or CD for

future use.

C. can be generated in the form of-text.

graphics, audio, video.

D. All the above

19. Office Automation System

A. Autou ;ate routine office tasks.

148

B. are classifieds into the following

categories- Impact and Non-Impact

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

20. The Information System (IS) department-

A. Supports organization's information

systems and also support

organization's overall mission.

B. The IS department provide technical

support for hardware and software, but

may be involved in the design and

implementation of an organization's

entire information system.

C. IS professionals also ensure that

systems generate all the appropriate

types of information and reports

required by the organization's manager

and workers.

D. All the above

21. Programming language

A. is a higher level language than

machine code for writing programs.

B. use a variety of basic English.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

22. Low level languages

A. are machine dependent, i.e they are

designed to run on a particular

computer and in the form of D's and 1's.

B. are also easier to learn and are not

dependent on a particular type of

computer.

C. need interpreter or compiler to convert

into low level language so that

computer can understand.

D. All the above

23. High level languages

A. are English type languages where a

single statement may correspond to

several instructions in machine

language and human being can

understand easily.

B. are also easier to learn and are not

dependent on a particular type of

computer.

C. need interpreter or compiler to convert

into low level language so that

computer can understand.

D. All the above

24. Pipelining

A. is a technique that enable a processor to

execute more instructions in a given

time.

B. the control unit begins executing a new

instruction before the current

instruction is completed.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

25. Ports:

A External devices such as a keyboard,

monitor, printer, mouse and

microphone often are attached by a

cable to the system unit the interface

B. point of attachment to the system unit

is called a port. Most of the time ports

are located on the back of the system

unit, but they also can be placed on the

front.

C. AorB

D. None of the above

26. Application software

A. any computer program used to create

or process data such as text documents,

spreadsheets, graphic~ etc.

B. programs to operate only mouse

functions

C. a type of program designed to handle

very small instruction sets.

D. None of the above

27. Desktop Publishing programs

A. belongs to Application software

B. used to literate individuals 10

computing

C. a type of program designed to handle

very small instruction sets.

D. None ofthe above

28. ABell

A. is 7 bit binary code

B. developed by American National

Standards Institute (ANSI)

C. represent symbolic, numeric and

alphanumeric characters

D. All the above

29. Assembler

A is a computer program that converts

assembly language instructions into

machine language.

B. developed by American National

Standards Institute (ANSn

C. represent symbolic, numeric and

alphanumeric characters, voice

D. All the above

30. ATM

A stands for Asynchronous Transfer

Mode

B. is a network protocol designed to send

•

149

voice, video and data transmission over

a single network

C. provides differtent kinds of connections

and bandwidth on demand. depending

on the type of data being transmitted

D. All the above

31. Backup means

A. To create a duplicate set of progra m or

data files in case the originals become

damaged.

B. Provides difi'ertent kinds of connections

and bandwidth in computers

C. the type of data transmission

O. None 'ofthe above

32. Computers are now used in

A. restaurants, automobile companies

B. offices and homes

C. research areas

D. All the above

33. Information

A is the summarization of data

B. implies data that is organized and is

meaningful to the person who is

receiving it

C. should be meaningful, brief, accurate

and help us to our knowledge and

decision making

D. All the above

34. Data.

A. can be defined 8S fact, observation,

assumption or occurrence and is 8

plural of "datum"

B. in general refers to raw facts gathered

from different sources.

C. denotes any or all facts, num bers,

letters. symbols etc that can be

processed or manipulated by a

computer

D. All the above

35. Data and Information is

A. often used interchangeably

B. not .used interchangt:ably

C. not used by people to make decisions

D. None of the above

36. Logical data refers

A. to the way in which the data are

recorded on the storage medium

B. in general refers to processed facts

gathered from different80urces

C. can be defined as fact. observation,

assumption or occurrence and is a

plural of "datum"

D. None ofthe above

37. Data item

A is a basic or indjvidual element of data

B. is identified by 8 name and is assigned

a value

C. is something referred to a8 a field

D. All the above

38. Smallest addressable unit in computer

A. Byte-an arbitrary set of eight bits that

represents a character

B.FM

C.TPM

D. None of the above

39. File

A is a collection of related records

B. is a automated proccS8ing system

C.TDM

D. None of the above

40. In electronic form, data refers to

A. data fields. records, files and databases

B. word processing documentB, graphics,

images

C. digitally coded voice and video

D. All the above

41. Data processing is the

A process of converting data from

physical format to logical format

B. digitally coded voice and video

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

42. Electronic mail is the

A transmission of letters, messages and

memos over a communications

network

B. Distribution of all information

functions in the office

C. Both A. and B.

D. None of the above

43. The back bone of an E·mail system is a

communication network that connects

remote terminals to a

A. central system or local area network

that interconnect personal computers

B. digitally coded voice and video

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

44. FAX or Facsimile

A. is the communication of a printed page

between remote locations .

B. terminals scan a paper form and

converts its image into analog code [or

transmission over private lines/public

dial·up telephone system

C. receiving terminal reconverts the codes

150

into images and prints a "facsimile" of

the original page

D. All the above

46. Data processing cycle consists of

A. three basic steps-Input cycle,

Processing cycle, Output cycle

B. terrqinals which scan a paper form and

converts its image into analog code for

transmission

C. receiving terminal reconverts the codes

into images and prints a "facsimile" of

the original page

D. All the above

46. An Input operation performs two

functions, they are

A. It causes an mput device to physically

read data, and transmits the data from

the Input device to an Input area of

CPU

B. It causes an input device to transmits

the data, convert into image form

C. It causes an input device to physical

read data, transmits the data to

printer

D. None ofthe above

47. During processing cycle, a computer

performs operations of

A. data transfer, ALU operations that

operate on Input data

B. sends data to an output area lies within

the CPU (which is setup by each

program)

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

48. An output operation causes

A. information to be transmitted from the

output area lies within the CPU to an

output device such as printer

B. CPU to record/display information on

some medium

C. Both A and B

D. None ofthe above

49. Computers

A. help you with your banking by using

automatic teller machines (ATM) used

to deposit or withdraw money

B. are present in every aspect of daily

living· in workplace, home and in the

class room

C. an electrOnIC machine operating under

the control of instructions stored in its

own memory that can accept data

(Input), manipulate the data according

to specified rules (process), produce

results(output) and store this rcsu.ll for

future use

D. All the above

50. A person that commUnIcates wIth a

computer or uses the mformation It

generates is called

A. user

B. processor

C. commentator

D. None of these

51. Primary memory of computer

A. stores the necessary programs of

system software

B. determines the size and the number of

programs that can be held with in the

computer at same time

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

52. As technology advances and computer

extend into every facet of daily living, it

A. is essential for everybody to gain some

level of computer literacy

B. is not essential for everybody to gain

some level of computer literacy

C. can create problems

D. None of the above

6S. The main memory of computer

A. can be divided in two parts-RAM and

ROM

B. is not essential for computer

C. can be loaded from storage media

D. None of the Ilbove

54. RAM

A. stands for RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY

B. is volatile, which means item stored in

RAM are lost when the power to

computer is turned off

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

65. Computers

A. USdS :;ache memory to improve t.heir

processing times

B. uses main memory for temporary

storage

C. uses secondary memory, which is non

volatile to store bulk data

D. All tho above

56. Videoconferencing is a meeting between

two or more geographically separated

individuals who

A. use a network or the Internet to

transmit audio and video data

B. use a sattelite to transmit audio and

video data

C. Both A and B

O. None of the above

57. CD·ROM

A. stands for Compact Disk Read Only

Memory

B. is a silver coloured compact disk that

uses the laser technology

C. Both A and B

O. None of the above

58. UNIX

A. is a inultiuser, multitasking operating

system

B. was developed in early 1970s by

scientists at Bell Laboratories

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

59. Virus

A. is a computer program that copies itself

into other programs and spreads

through multiple computers

B. are often designed to damage a

computer intentionally by destroying or

corrupting its data

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

60. A template

A. is a document that formatting necessary document type

contains the for a specific

B. usually exists for documents such as

memos, fax cover sheets and letters

C. Both A and B

O. None of the above

61. The drawing tools available in MS WORD

A. line, rectangle, ellipse, text box, fill color

B. line style and select drawing objects

C. Both A and B

D. None ofthe above

62. In MS WORD a title bar

A. is a bar displayed at the top of the

document that displays the name of the

current document

B. locate below the menu bar

C. Both A and B

O. None of the above

63. Themail merge in MS word

A. automatically creates unique, multiple

versions of a customized form letter,

when sending out a specific letter to a

different person

B. merges two cell contents in one cell

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

64. MS Excel

A. is a replacement for the accountants

columnar pad, sharp pencil and

calculator

B. allows users to create colorful charts.

print transparancies or bard copy reports,

add clip arts and company logo etc.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

65. The difference between SORT and INDEX

command

A. Sort after sorting generates output file

whereas Index does not

B. Sort cannot sort on expressions

whereas Index can

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

. 66. Operating System is

A A collection of hardware components

B. A collection of input-output devices

C. A collection of software routines

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

67. Backups should be done

A daily for most installations

B. weekly for most installations

C. as several image copies. followed by an

incremental

O. ~ several incrementals, followed by an

unagecopy

E. None of the above

68. DOS etc. are called disk operating systems

because

A. they are memory resident

B. they are initially stored on disk

C. they are available on magnetic tapes

D. they are partly in primary memory and

partly on disk

E. None of the above

69. Whicq of the following is not an oper&ting

system

A. UNIX B. MS·DOS

C. PASCAL D. CPIM

E. None of the above

70. User-Friendly Systems are:

A. required for object.oriented programming

B. easy to develop

C. common among traditional main-frame

operating system

D. becoming more common

E. None ofthe above

71. Address Bus is

A A set of wires connecting the

computer's CPU and RAM, across

wbich memory addresses are

transmitted. The amount of memory

that can be addressed at one time

depends on the number of wires used in

the bus.

B. A set of nooes connecting the computer

network

C. A or B

O. None of the above

72. Algorithm is

A A set of ordprcd steps or procedures

needed to solve a specific problem.

152

B. A set of circuit helps in connecting the

computer network

C. A or B

D. None of the above

73. Coprocessors

A. is a special processor chip or circuit

board designed to assist the processor

in performing specific tasks.

B. can be used to increase the performance

of the computer.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

74. Control Unit (CU)-

A. The component of the CPU that

contains the instruction set.

S. gives the computer its ability to decode

and then execute a stored program.

C. directs the flow of data throughout the

computer system.

D. All the above

76. Transaction Processing systems -

A. Store information about individual

events

B. pro~ide information that is useful in

running an organization, such as

inventory status, billing etc

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

76. Management Information Systems

A. Produce reports for different types of

managers.

B. Automate routine office tasks.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

77. Decision Support systems-

A. Produce highly detruled, customized

reports based on the information in an

. organization's transaction processing

system and based on information from

other sources.

B. These systems are used to assist

managers in making mission critical

decisions.

C. Both A and B

O. None of the above

78. Expert systems

A. include the knowledge of human

experts in a specific subject area in a

knowledge base.

B. They analyze requests from users and

assist. the users in developing a course

of action.

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

79. A large 1S department include

A lS managers, computer scientists,

system analysts , programmers,

database specialists

B. user assistance architects, purchasing

ageots, technical writers, system or

network managers

C. trainers, hardware maintenance

technicians.

D. All the above

80. Automated machine tools

A. operate from instructions in a program

through numerical control

B. digitally coded voice and video

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

81. E-mail programs often

A. come with local area network software

Qr add-on options or they are

independent programs designed to

work with a specific network

B. operate as dependent programs

designed to work with a specific

network

C. Both A. and B

D. None ofthe above

82. Public Data Service cPOS) is a service

bureau, is an organization that

A. provides data processing snd time

sharing services to its customers and

customers pay for their processing

B. offers wide variety of software

packages, 88 well as customized

programming

C. charge a monthly rental for each byte of

online disk storage reserved for

153

customer's programs and databases

D. All the above

83. Two basic types of RAM exists:

A. dynamic RAM, static RAM

B. natl!Ial RAM, static RAM

C. dynamic RAM, virtual RAM

D. None ofthe above

84. The SORT command in FOXPRO

A. is used to sort the records of a database

file in ascending or descending order

B. takes records foreorting from currently

opened database rue and the sorted

records are written in another fileoutput

file

C. physically rearranges the records in

the database in a new file and new file

occupies the same amount of space as

unsorted file occupies

D. All the above

85. The INDEX command in DBASE III plus

A. is used to index the records of a

database file and contains only the key

values and record numbers

B. takes records for indexing from

currenLly opened database file but no

output file is generated

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

86. Presentation graphi.cslsoftwares

A. allow you to create presentations to

communicate ideas, messages and

other information to a group

B. incorporates some of the features of

word processing software

C. can incorporate slides with text,

graphics, movie, sound etc

D. All the above

87. Powerpoint

A. has tools with which you can use

drawing tools to add these objects on a

slide

B. allows you to insert sound, music, video

clips on a slide

C. allows you to give animation effect to

each object introduced in the slide

D. All the above

88. To maXimize a Window

A. click on the Maximize button in the

window you want to maximize

B. double click on the Maximize button in

the window you want to maximize

C. A or B

D. None of the above

UGC-JRF (Paper 1}-20

89. You can lise scroll bar

A to browse through the information in

the window

B. when window is not large enough to

display all information it-contains

c. Both A and B

D. None oBbe above

90. When you have finished working with a

window, you can

A. close the window to remove it from your

screen. '1'0 do so click on (x) in the

window you want to close

B. scan the window. To do so click on (x)

in the window you want to close

C. Both A and B

D. None ofthe above

91. Frame

A. is the part of an on-screen window (title

bar and other e lements) that is

controlled by operating system rather

than by the application running in t.he

window

B. is used when window is not large

enough to display all information it

contains

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

92. Start button

A. provides quick access to programs, files

and help with Windows

B. provides slow access to programs, files

and help with Windows

C. is not used now-a-days

D. None of the above

93. Recycle bin

A. stores deleted files and allows you to

recover them later

B. provides slow access to programs, files

and help with Windows

C. is not used now-a·days

D. None of the above

94. Memory protection is normally done by

A. the processor and the associa ted

hardware

B. the operating system

C. the compiler

D. the user program

95. The size of the virtual memory depends on

A. the size of the data bus

B. the size of the main memory

C. the size of the address bus

D. none of the above

96. Which of the following types of software

should you use if you often need to create,

edit, and print documents?

A. Word processing B. Spreadsheet

C. UNIX' D. Desktoppublishing

E. None of the above

97. Which are t.he most important features of

Microsoft Windows program?

A Windows B. Pull·down menus

C. Irons D. All of the above

E. None of the above

98. Whlch of the following requires a device

driver?'

A. Register B. Cache

C. Main memory D. Disk

E. None of the above

99. What is the name of the operating system

that read and reacts ih terms of actual time.

A Batch system

B. Quick response system

C. Real time system

O. Time sharing system

E. None of the above

100. The term "operating system" means

A. a set of programs which controls

romputer working

B. the way a computer operator works

C. conversIOn of high level language into

machine code

D. the way a floppy disk drive operates

E. None of the above

101. Data encryption

A. is m.ostly used by public networks

B. is mostly used by fmanciaI networks

C. cannot be used by private installations

D. is not necessary, since data can not be

intercepted

E. None of the above

102. A communication network which is used

by large organlsstion over regional,

national or global area is called

A. LAN B. WAN

C. MAN D. VAN

103. If you want to execute more than one

program at a time, the systems software

you are using must be capable of:

A. word processing B. virtual memory

C. compiling D. multitasking

E. None of the above

104. UNIX operating system

A. is multiuser

B. is multitasking

C. can r un on PCs and larger systems

D. All of the above

105. Can you name of the major Operating

System used in computers?

A. MS DOS B. OS/2

C. UNIX D. All the above

E. None of the above

106. Which of the follow 109 is always reSIdent.

in machinery?

A. Batch System

B. Time Sharing System

C. Operating system

D. Controlling system

E. None oftbe above

107. Paging

A. is a method of memory allocation by

which the program 18 subdivided into

equal portions or page and core IS

subdivided into equal portions or blocks

B. consists of those addresses that may be

generated by a processor during

execution (If a computation

C. is a-method of allocating processor time

D. al lows multiple programs to reside in

~p parate areas of core at the time

E. ~one oftbe above

108. Which of the following is necessary to

work on a computer

A. compiler

I ,. operating system

C. assembly

D. interpreter of the above

E. None of the above

109. Advantage(s) of using assembly language

rather than machine language is (are):

A It is mnemonic and p,asy to read

B Addresses any symbolic, not absolute

C. Introduction of data to program is

easier

D. All of the above

E. None oftbe above

110. With round-robin CPU scheduling in a

time-shared system:

A. Using very large t.ime slices (quantas)

degenerates into FCFS (First· Come

First·Served) algorithm

B. Using very small time slices (quantas)

degenerates into LIFO) Last-Tn First·

Out) algorithm

C. Using extremely small time s lices

improves performance

D. Using medium sized time slices leads to

SRTF (Shortest Remaining Time First)

scbeduling poHcy

E. None of the abo'le

155

111. A sequence of InsLructJ.o ns ~ in 8 computer

language, to get the desired result. is

known as

A. Algorithm B. Decision Table

C. Program D. All the above

E. None of the above

112. A characteristic of an on- line real-time

system is

A. More than one CPU

B. No delay in processing

C. Off line batch processing

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

113. DOS is

A. a software

B. a hardware

C. a data organisation system

D. None of the above

114. Which' of the following perform s

modulation and demodulation?

A. fiber optic B. satellite

C. coaxial cable D. modern

E. none of the above

115. A local area network

A. that connects thirty pe r sonal

computers can provide more computing

power than a minicomputer

B. cannot become bogged down like

mainframe would if the load is too high

C. both A and B

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

116. Which class of the software packages allow

people to send electronic mail along a

network of computer and workstations?

A. Memory resident package

B. Project management package

C. Data communication package

D. Electronic mail package

117. We can receive data either through our

television aerial or down our telephone

lines and display this data on our

television screen. What is the general

name given to this purpose?

A. View data B. Tele text

C. Tele software D, Video text

118. The economics of computing data is

A. sharing peripherals and

B. giving processorS"lo processing time

C. both A and B

O. all of the above

E. none of the above

119. The word telematics is a combination of

A. computer

B. telecommunication

C. informatics

D. Band C

E. none of the above

120. The application layer of a network

A. establishes, maintains. and terminates

virtual circuits

B. defines the uaer's port into the network

C. consists of software bcmg run on the

computer connected to the network

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

121. What was the ftrst Network that was

made available

A. DEeNe' 1980

B. Novell Netwarc

C. IBMm Token Ring 1985

D.IBM PC Network 198·1

122. What does the acronym (ISDN) stand for?

A. Indian Standard Digital Network

B. Integrated Services Digital Network

C. Intelligent Services Digital Network

D. Integrated Se rvices Data Network

128. Internet is

A. network run by the US Government

B. a network run by the United Nations

Organisation

C. a loose network not owned by anybody

but used by all unive rs ities and

governments around the globe

D. a commercial information service run

by Ziff Davis Co., in US

124. What is the name of the device that

connects two computers by means of a

telephone line?

A. tape B. modem

C. bus D. cable

125. Working of the WAN generally involves

A. telephone lines B. microwaves

C. satellites O. all of the above

E. noneof tbeabove

126. Video is a combination of

A. television B. communication

C. axllPuter~ D. all of the above

E. none of the above

127. Communication between computers is

almost always

A. serial B. parallel

C. series parallel D. direct

128. Error detection at a data link level is

achieved by?

A. Bit stuffing

B. Hamming codes

C. Cyclic redundancy code

D. Equali7.8tion

E. none of the above

129. The hnking of computers with a

communication system is called

A. networking B. pairing

C. interfacing D. assembling

130. Which of the foUowing items is not used in

Local Area Networks (LANs)?

156

A. Computer B. Mcxlem

C. Printer D. Cable

131. During networking, the processor of the

CPU asking each terminal whether it

wants to send a message is caUed

A. querying B. sharing

C. communicating D. polling

132. Who invented the modem?

A Wang Laboratories Ltd

B. At & T Information System, USA

C. Apple Computers Inc

D. Digital Equipment Corpn.

133. All the parts in a computer talk to each

other by sending

A. digital signal

B. analog signals

C. smoothly varying signal waves

D. both Band C

E. none of the above

134. What is going 'on·line'?

A. Buying a MODEM and connecting it to

your computer

B. Getting 8 PTI or REUTERS news wire

connectton

C. Connecting your computer to a LAN

D. Getting access to the various

commercial and other information

services over the dial-up lines or I-Net

connection

135. Which of the following is an important

characteristic of LAN?

A. application independent interfaces

B. unlimited expansion

C. low cost access for bandwidth channels

D. none of the above

ANSWERS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

D C A A A C A A A C

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

C D D C A C C D A D

21 22 28 2. 25 26 27 28 29 30

C A D C C A A D A D

81 32 33 3. 35 36 37 38 39 40

A D D D A A D A A D

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

A A A D A A A A D A

51 52 53 5. 55 56 57 58 59 60

C A A D D A C C C C

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

C A A C C D A B C D

71 72 73 74 7. 76 77 78 79 80

A A C D C A C C D A

81 82 88 8. 85 86 87 88 89 90

A D A D C D D A C A

91 92 93 9. 95 96 97 98 99 100

A A A A C A D D C A

101 102 103 10. 105 10. 107 108 109 110

B B D D D C A B D A

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

C B A D A C D C D C

121 122 123 l24 125 126 127 128 129 130

A B C B D D A C A B

131 132 133 134 135

D B A D A

READING COMPREHENSION I

The format is quite simple. It contains a

passage usually having a l~ngth of 500 to 2000

words. Five question are being asked on the

passage. The passage is 'taken from p.ublished

material. The word comprehension' actually'

means 'grasping with intellect',

'understanding'. The question follow the

passage are 6fvarying quality and range. Some

of the questions test your ability to recognize

implications and draw inferences. The

questions test your ability to read a passage

comprehend its meaning, criticize its strength

and weaknesses : showing that ability by

selecting the correct answer from among choice

supplied.

A comprehension passage contains a

number of paragraphs. Every paragraph has a

central idea which is expounded with ideas and

illustrations and other references. The key

sentence that gives the central idea of the

paragraph may be at the beginning, middle or

end of paragraph. This sentence enunciating

the central idea, is otherwise called 'topic

sentence'.

The student should approach the passage

with an 'open mind'. There is no place for the

reader own .. <?pinion, assumptions and

prejudices. The crux of the problem is just to

l.lnderstand the writer's point of view.

According to the' -difficulty of the passage

reading speed should also VetF;}:: '

Step by step method is useful in solving the

questions.

Step 1 : The very first step is to read the

questions quickly. This give you some idea of

. what you should be looking for as you read the

passage.

Step 2 : The second step is to read the passage

at your fastest rate. The questions that have

located in your subconscious after reading the

questions will force you more conscious as you

come across anything that is r elevent or

important if.

Step 3 : Again reread the question one at a

time. You will get some idea of the location in

the passage of material that answe~s the

questions.

If you have no.ideas as to location in the passage

of material that answers the questions, go on

the next question;

Mter this step you may solve all the question.

Only one or two question may be left after this ·

step.

Step 4 : Reread. the question carefully that is

still unanswered and try to find the reason.

They may be analytical in nature which

requires the analysis of a certain part of the

passage.

One of the most important aspect of this is the

vocabulary.

Directions: Study the paragraph and

answer the questions that follows:

PARAGRAPH I

The most important reason for this state of

affairs, perhaps, is that India was the only

country in the world to truly recognise the

achievements of the Soviet Union-rather than

merely focus on the debilitating faults · that

Communism brought to its people. The people

of India realised that~he achievement of one

hundred per cent literacy in a country much,

much larger than its own and with similarly

complicated ethnic and religious groupings, the

rapid industrialisati?n of a nation that was a

primarily agrarian society w.,hen the Bolshevik

revolution took place in 1917, the attendant

revolutionary steps in science and technology,

the accessibility of health care (primeval

according to Western standards, perhaps, but

not according to Indian ones) to the general

population, and despite prohibition of the government

of the time the vast outpourings in

literature, music, art, etc., are momentous and

remarkable feats in any country.

In contrast, all that the West focussed on

were the massive human rights violations by

the Soviet State on its people, the deliberate

uprooting and mass migrations of ethnic

peoples from one part of the country to another

in the name of industrialisation, the end of

religion ..... in short, all the tools of information

were employed to condemn the ideology of

Communism, so much at variance with

capitalist thinking.

The difference with the Indian perception, I

think here is, that while the Indians reacted as

negatively to what the Soviet governments did to

its people in the name of good governance

(witness the imprisonment of Boris Pasternak

and the formation of an international committee

to put pressure for his release with Jawaharlal

Nehru at its head), they took the pain not to

condemn the people of that broad country in

black and white terms; they understood that

mingled in the shades of grey were grains of

uniqueness. (The Russians have never failed

that characteristic in themselves; they have

twice experimented with completely different

ideologies, Communism and Capitalism both in

the space of a century).

1. Which of the following statements

according to the passage is correct ?

(a)

India

took heed on the weak faults of

Russian policies and system

(b)

India

seriously commended the

achievement of

Russia

, i.e., cent per

cent literacy and rapid

industrialization

already started when Russian

revolution took place in 1917

(d) The literature, art and music received

a setback during the communist

regime in

Russia

2. The West did not focus on:

(a) rapid growth of nuclear weapons in

Russia

(b) Massive human rights violation by

the Soviet state on its people

migration of ethnic people in the

name of industria-liz at ion.

(d) Both (b) and (c)

3. The

India

perception of the

USSR

w'as

always '

(a) negative

(b) neutral

(d) applauding

4. The passage is

(a) descriptive

(b) paradoxical

(d) thought provoking

Directions: Read the following passage

and answer questions that follow:

PARAGRAPH II

It was during one of the most dreadful

smallpox epidemic~ in

England

that Edward

Jenner, ,a country doctor, made a: discovery

which was to alter the course of history. Jenner

noticed that the disease seldom struck those

who lived in rural areas and worked around

cattle. Most farmers and dairy workers had

contracted cowpox and had · recovered with

nothing more serious than a putsule which left

a scar. This observation led Dr: Jenner to

think: Why not vaccinate people with cowpox to

protect them from smallpox? On May 14, 1876,

Dr. Jenner took a healthy boy, James Phillips,

to a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, who had a

cowpox putsule on her hand resulting from' an

infection from her master's cow. Dr. Jenner

made two shallow cuts on James Phillips' arm

and inoculated them with matter taken from

the cowpox sore. A putsule developed on the

boy's arm formed a scab and healed. In July of

the same year. Dr. Jenner inoculated James

with matter from a smallpox putsule. During

the next two weeks, the doctor watched for

signs of smallpox. They did not develop. The

vaccination was successful. Dr. Jenner wrote a

paper explaining hi~ method of vaccination. At

first the doctors were hostile and would not

listen to a. ridiculo~s procedure. Many towns

people organised anti vaccination campaigns.

Gradually, however, the doctors and their

patients accepted vaccination.

1. The fact that Edward Jenner was a

country doctor, was important in the

discovery of smallpox vaccine, because

(a) he had enough time to pursue his

research in the rural areas

(b) he noticed that the disease was

prevalent where people worked

around cattle

struck people who worked arounq·the

cattle .' r

(d) he found that he could convince rural

people more easily than city people

2. Dr. Jenner was successful as cowpox virus

produces

(a) severe infection in humans resulting

in deaths

(b) a mild infection in humans which is

not enough ' to produce active

immunity . .

enough to produce actiye immunity

(d) no infection in humans

3. Dr. Jenner made his experiment on a

healthy boy who

(a) died after experimentation

(b) could not be relieved of his mark of

putsule

body when he was injected the matter

of cowpox

(d) was paid for it

4. Passage here is having alan

(a) narrative style

(b) analytic style

(d) idiomatic style

Directions: Study the passage and

answer the questions that follow:

PARAGRAPH III

India

's role on the international stage was ·

moulded by history rather than by the pomp

and circumstances of war. As a separate entity

of the British empire,

India

became a founder

member of the League of Nations in the same

W'8.y as A~stralia and

Canada

, and thus

acquired a somewhat unique international

status long before independence . . During ~he

days ofthe League when India's interests were

affected, such as in matters of trade or the

position of Indians overseas, the Indian

delegation did not hesitate to make known its

independent position, for what it was worth.

Some Indian delegates were. in demand for

chairing meetings riddled with contention and

controversy, because of their reputation for

impartiality and talent for mediation. .

These were the small beginnings ofIndia's

later entry into the United Nations in 1945,

again as a founder member before

independence. The drafting of Chapter IX and X

of the UN Charter, which deal with

international social and economic cooperation,

was entrusted to a group that was presided over

by an Indian. It is important, however, to bear

in mind that fact that the Government of

independent

India

had no part in the drafting of

the UN Charter, although in accepted the

obligations contained therein. The UN. was

primarily the creation of three powers-The

USA

and

Russia

The size, population, res<?urces and

potential ofIndia lent it the weight of a medium

power in the functioning of the United Nations.

The fact that

India

was among the first nations

to liberate itself from the imperialist

domination through non-violent means

. endowed it with a moral obligation to work in

and outside th~ UN for th~ independence of

nations still under colonial rule.

India

has

served on the Security Council for 10 years or

5 terms, on the Trusteeship Council for 12

years or 4 terms and on the Economic and

Social Council for 21 years or 7 terms.

1. The title below that best expresses the

ideas of the passage is:

(a)

India

's role at the United Nations

(b)

India

and Her Neighbours

(d) British Colonial Expansion

2. Through a part of the British Empire,

India

enjoyed great prestige at the League

in as much as Indian delegates were in

demand for chairing meeting to consider

controversial issues. lt was because:

(l) Indian delegates were well known. for

their impartiality.

(II) Indian delegates had talent for

mediation.

(III)

India

was considered a power to

reckon with.

(a) I and III are correct

(b) I and II are correct

(d) only I is correct

3. Which articles of the UN Charter deal

with International, Social and EconQmic

Co-operation?

. (a) Articles IX and X

(b) Articles ~I and XII

(d) Articles VI and VII

4. Which of the following countries does not

find any coverage in the passage?

(a) The

USA

(b)

Britain

Russia

(d)

Sri Lanka

Directions: Study the passage and

answer the questions that follow:

PARAGRAPH IV

Some religious teachers have taught that

Man is made up of a body and a soul: but they

have been silent about the Intellect. Their

followers try to feed the body on earth and to

save soul from perdition after death : but they

neglect~d the claims of the mind. Bread for the

body and Virtue for the soul: these are regarded

as the indispensable requisites of human

welfare here and hereafter. Nothing is said

about knowledge and education. Thus Jesus

Christ spoke much of feeding the hungry,

healing the sick, and converting the sinners:

but he never taught the duty of teaching the

ignorant and increasing scientific knowledge.

He himself was not a well educated man, and

intellectual pursuits were beyond his horizon.

Gautam Buddha also laid stress on morality,

meditation and asceticism, but he did not

attach great importance to history, science, art

or literature. $t. Ambrose deprecated scientific

studies anci wrote, "Tel discuss the nature and

position of the earth does not help us in our

hope for life to come". St. Basil said very

frankly and foolishly, "It is not a matter of

interest for us whether the earth is a sphere or

a cylinder or disc." Thomas Carlyle also

followed the Christian traditions when he

declared that he honoured only two men and no

third: the manual labour and the religious

teacher. He forgot the scientist, the scholar and

the artist. The cynics of

Greece

despised

education at last?

1. What have the religious teachers taught

in the past?

(a) That man is made up of body only

(b) That" man is made up of soul only

. (c) That man is made up of bu b bles

(d) That man is made up of body and soul

together

2. What is food for the soul?

(a) Bread (b) Virtue

3. The following philosophers occur in the

passage. But they are not in correct order.

Correct the order.

(l) Jesus Christ (II) . Gautam Buddha

(III) St. Ambrose (IV) . Thomas Carlyle

M St. Basil

(a) I, II, III, IV, V (b) I, III, IV, V, II

4. Intellectual pursuits have been ne"glected

because:

(I) they are unnecessary and superfluous

(II) they make people dwarf

(rn) they lead people to hell

(a) Only I is correct

(b) Only II is correct ... ;,..... .. . "

(d) Only I and II are correct

5. The style of the passage is

(a) narrative (b) expository

Directions: Study the passage and

answer the questions that follow:

PARAGRAPH V

India is not, as you may imagine, a distant,

strange, or at the very utmost, a curious

country, India for the future belongs to Europe,

it has its place in the Indo·European world, it

has its place in our own history and in what is

·the very life of history, the history of the

human mind,

You know how some of the best talents and

the noblest genius of our age has been devoted

to the study of the development of the outward

or material world, the growth ofthe earth, the

first appearance of the living cells, their

combination and differentiation leading up to

the beginning of organic life, and its steady

progress from the lowest to the highest stages,

Is there not inward intellectual world also

which has to be studied in its historical

development, from the first appearance of

predicative anddemQnstrative roots, their

combination and differentiation, leading up to

the beginning of rational thought in its steady

progress from the lowest to the highest stages?

And in that study of the history ofthe human

mind, in that study of ourselves, of our true

selves, India occupies a place second to no other

country, Whatever sphere of the human mind

you may select for your special study, whether

it be language, or religion, or mythology, or

philosophy, whether it be laws or customs,

primitive art or primitive sclence, everywhere

you have to go to India, whether you like it or

not, because some of the most valuable and

most instructive materials in the history of ,

man are treasured up in India, and in India.- ,

only,

1. In what field of human endeavour has

India

surpassed the rest of mankind?

(a/~ in industrialization

-(b) ,in.mate,rialism ' ,_,' ''''

(d) in study of the history of the human

mind

2. What position does

India

occupy in the

study of the histo.ry of the human mind?

(a) No place at all (b) First place

3. Philosophy means:

(a) the study of human mind

(b) the study of systems of thought about

soul, etc.

(d) the study of stars and cosmos

4. The historical development of intellectual

world leads up to:

(a) the beginning ofrational thought

(b) spiritual illumination '.

(d) deflation

Directions: Read the passage carefully

and answer the questions that follow:

PARAGRAPH VI

Whether India and the US are signing a

new extradition treaty or amending the

existing one is somewhat unclear, but there is

no doubt that India's extradition requests have

usually been turned down by western

democr!lcies. , For instance, when

India

requested the extradition of the JKLF leader,

Amanullah Khan, who was visiting the

four

years ago, a

lawcourt turned down the

Indian request. So did a judge in Belgium when

Khan went to Belgium:

The reason is that our extradition treaties

with all w~stern nations forbid the extradition

of a person on two grounds: (1) if he is caused

or convicted of an offence of a political nature,

and (2) ifhe won't get a fair trial in the country

requesting his extradition ..

Unfortunately for

India

, its human-right

record is so dismal that Khan had no difficulty

convincing a

and Belgian judge against his

deportation on the ground that Indian

lawcourts would be severely pre-judiced against

him. Past experience shows that US and

European judges have been sympatheti'c to fugitives

whose extradition

India

has sought.

Take, for instance, a typical case of

Karamjit Singh Chahal, a Khalistani

separatist in London. In December 1991 the

British Home Office rejected his application for

political asylum and ordered his

deportation to

India

. Chahal, However, quickly

had the order quashed by moving a London

High Court which directed that his case be

tried afresh. Chahal lost that appeal but he still

didn't exhaust all avenues of redress. He moved

the House of Lords, and even ifhe lost there, he

could still appeal to the European Court of

Justice.

Chahal and Amanullah Khan's cases are

just two of several extradition attempts

pursued by

India

which have run a tortuous

course. Take, for instance, the case of two Sikh

terrorists, Sukhwinder Singh Sandhu and

Ranjit Singh Gill, who had fled to the

after

assassinating General AS Vaidya.

A Pune court had sentenced them to death

and when they were arrested by the

police

in May 1987, the Indian Government requested

their extradition. After examining evidence, a

US magistrate ordered their return, but when

they went in appeal, a senior judge ordered

their case to be re-heard Sandhu and Gill were

eventually extradited, but a full one and a half

years after their arrest.

If two convicted Indian terrorists could

block their extradition for so long is it

conceivable that others would not succeed in

the same way? After all, we haven't been able

to get the Union Carbide chief, Warren

Anderson, to stand trial for the criminal negli-

gence which led to the death of some 2,500

people in Bhopal in December 1984.

1. A suitable title of the passage is

(a) Indo US relations

(b) Attitude of western democracies

toward India's extradition request

(e) Indo-US extradition treaty

(d) Western criteria of extradition

2. Western judges favoured the Indian

political criminals and terrorists on the

ground that

(a)

India

's law courts had a prejudiced

attitude toward these people

(b) these people bribed the western

judges.

(e) their own governments were also in

favour ofthem

(d) none of these

3. When British Home Office ordered

Chahal's deportation to

India

, Chahal

(a) went to the European court of justice

(b) went to the London High Court for

appeal.

(e) moved to the House of Lords

(d) Both (b) and (e)

4. Which of the following statements

according to the paragraph ~s correct?

(a) SS Sandhu and RS Gill were

sentenced to death in a

court

(b) Sandhu and Gill were immediately

deported to

India

when

India

requested .

(e) We have not been able to get Mr.

Apderson to stand trial for Bhopal gas

tragedy.

(d) Union carbide was an Indian

company

Directions: Study the following passage

and answer the quest~ons that follow:

PARAGRAPH VII

From time immemorial drugs have been

used by mankind for medical purposes. But

never before had the abuse of narcotics caused

such unprecedented world wide concern and

posed an alarming menace to the society.

According to World Health Organization

estimates conducted in 1988, there are over

7,50,000 heroin addicts, 4.8 million cocaine

abusers 1. 76 .million opium abusers and 3.4

million abusers of barbiturates, sedatives, and

tranquillisers around the world today. Even

the eastern hemisphere is no longer secure

from the drug network. Drugs have scanned

the planet at Jet speed and proved once again '

that the earth is a small place to live in. The

. abuse of drugs is now an international problem

that bothers Indians and Americans alike.

Taking a drug other than for medical

reasons in amount, strength, frequency or

manner that damages thi:) physical and mental

functioning is drug abuse. Drug abuse ' is a

painful problem for the addict, for his family

and for all those who touch his life. It is mostly

the youngster who fall prey to drugs. Adolescence

is a period when many choices must be

made. At this stage, the youngster is especially

vulnerable to pressure from friends.

The future generation is virtually being

crippled by the spread of drugs. Drug abusers

are completely self c;entred and care least about

others. His consciousness clouded, and he loses

his will power, concentration, memory and

judgement capacity. When in need of money,

he does not hesitate to steal or indulge in other

antisocial activities. ''More drugs, more crime"

shows the graph. A new addict

develops friendships with fellow addicts and

gradually enters ' the so-called 'drug sub,

culture'. He is then regarded as an outcast in

the society, and there is little chance that he

shall again lead a healthy life

1. Choose a suitable title for the passage

(a) Drug abuses

(b) Drug addiction

(d) Anti social activities

2. The style of the passage is

(a) provocative

(b) narrative

(d) data based and statistical

3. Which of the following conclusions can not

be drawn correctly from the passage?

.ra) The ' number of drug abusers is

increasing day by day

(b) Taking drugs more than the .required

doses is called drug abuse

family and the society .

(d) All drug abusers ari:) antisocial or viceversa

4. Which of the following groups are more

vulnerable to drug addiction?

(a) The age group of 13 - 19

(b) The age group of 11- 15

(d) The age group of 18 - 30

Directions: Read the following passage

carefully and answer the questions that follow:

PARAGRAPH VIII

The impact of technical advancement in

armaments on man, needs to be analyzed with

a rational mind, and heart free from prejudices

of any kind towards modernisation. The most

noticeable impact ofthis development certainly

has been the loss of immunity from violence for

successive generations ever since the invention

of gunpowder. In modern times, the presence of

technically advanced arms, not only at the

fronts but also among the civilian population,

has vastly undermined the value of

human life, and endangered the very entity of

those virtues of self restraint and discretion, on

which .a peaceful and amiable society rests.

However, an unbiased view of the present

scenario, would refrain one from attributing the

rising trends of violence to the availability of

technically superior weapons, for one must not

overlook the fact that "Necessity is the mother

of invention".

Every stage in the development of

armaments has been marked by its distinct

impact on society. When man fought with

stpnes and his bare hands, the society was n'ot

yet compact. The discovery of metal and the

use of spears, knives and arrows indicate the

stage of the formation of small kingdoms. Fire

continued to be an effective weapon of destruction.

When man introduced the cavalry into

the army and improved the strategies of

making war, ~ome small kingdoms gave away

to form empires, but with no revolution~ry

advances in armaments forthcoming, the

political structure of society remained mare or

less stagnant for the many coming centuries.

The next significant development was the

use of gunpowder, which could be used to

perform acts which were then thought to be

impossible. Gunpowder was used to form the

ammunition of several guns and canons. This

sudden advances in weaponry not only

facilitated the con'trol of a large mass of people

by relatively few armed men that helping to

form strong empires, but the availability of the

new technology to a select few nations enabled

the formation of colonies in continents which

did not have access to the modernized

technologies of warfare. Modern technological

advances in armaments aided the formation of

nation states in Europe. The extensive use of

the fire-power lent a lethal edge to the naval

power which proved to be the greatest asset to

any nation in the 19th century. Small United

Nations States of Europe with strong navies,

modern arms and disciplined men gained

control oflands in foreign continents far greater

in areas than the parent countries.

1. Necessity is the mother of invention

means

(a) where there is mother there IS

invention

(b) when necessity arises invention IS

done

(d) nothing happens without creating

congenial environment

2. The invention of modern weapons have

resulted into

(a) loss of immunity from war in the

society

(b) successive wars for the last two

centuries

. (c) arms race among the nations

(d) loss of life and property every now and

then

3. Small kingdoms turned into big empires,

after

(a) the invention of cavalry and canons

and its introduction into the army

(b) the introduction of nuclear arms into

the army

and swords

(d) the end of the 19th century

4. The style of the passage is

(a) informative (b) analytical

ANSWERSI

Paragraph I Paragraph V

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

(b) (a) (d) (c) (d) (b) (b) (a)

Paragraph II Paragraph VI

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5

Paragraph III Paragraph VII

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

(a) (b) (a) (d) (a) (d) (c) (a)

Paragraph IV Paragraph VIII

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

(d) (b) (c) (a) (b) (a) (a) (c)

TEACHING AND RESEARCH POTENTIAL

• Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti was registered as a society on –15 August 1950

• Who was the Chairman of the first Indian Education Commission –Sir John Hunter

• Who organizes the National Talent Search Competitive Test –N.C.E.R.T.

• When was Central Advisory Board of Education set up –1956

• Navodaya Vidyalayas have been set up –In Rural Areas

• The programme Gyan Vani is broadcasted by –AIR

• When was N.C.E.R.T. Established –2nd Oct. 1971

• In 1936-37 who submitted the report on technical Education –Abbot

• Who conducts the admission test for Novdaya Vidyalayas –N.C.E.R.T.

• Who was the chairperson of Wardha Scheme –Zakir Hussain

• National law school of India is situated at –Bangalor

• A.I.C.T.E. stands for –All India Council of Technical Education

• In which year University Grants Commission Act was passed –1956 A.D.

• The central Institude of Indian Languages is located at –Mysore

• Which Organization was established during Bengal Partition –National Council of Education

• Which was the first University to be opened in Britishers time ? –Calcutta University

• To whom did Lord Macaulay present the famous Macaulay’s minute ? –Lord Bentinck

• In which year C.B.S.E. set up open school ? –1985

• What was the other name for hunter commission –Indian Education Commission

• What amount was sanctioned by Charter Act of 1813 to be spent on education ? –One Lakh

• Reshtriya Sanskrit Sansthan has its head quarters at –New Delhi

• Which is the first open University of

India

? –Indira Gandhi open University New Delhi

• What is the Minimum qualification requird to appear in any examination of the Open University ? –No Minimum qulification

• Regional College of Education for the Northern region is located at –Ajmer

• Where is situated the Regional College of Education for the eastem region ? –Bhuvaneshwar

• Where is Regional College of Education for Western region ? –Ujjain

• Regional College of Education for the Southern region is at –Mysore

• The Regional Colleges of Education were set up by the N.C.E.R.T. with the co-operation of –Planning Commission of India

• Generally the medium of instruction in Public School is –English

• The famous Doon Public School is located at –Dehra Dun

• The famous Doon Public School Bishop Cotton is situated at –Shimla

• The famous Lawrence Public School is at –Sanawar

• The famous Shivaji Public School is at –Pune

• The famous Air Force Central School is situated at –Delhi Cantt

• Tamil Nadu has a Sainik School at –Amrauathinagar

• The Sainik School in Orissa is at –Bhuvaneshwar

• The Sainik School in Karnataka is at –Bijapur

• Gandhi had which Educational Degree ? –Law

• Gandhi got his law Degree from –

England

• Where did Gandhi as a teacher ? –

South Africa

• Who said “A cowardly teacher cannot make his students valiant ? –M.K. Gandhi

• Effective teaching is a function of -Teacher’s methodology

• What should be the attitude of the teacher towards school authorities ? –Cordial

• The attitude of teacher towards new idea should be –Receptive

• Teachers should be made accountable for –Teaching

• An excellent teacher must be –Good guide

• As a teacher, you are never supposed to be angry –I am a human and can also be angry

• What is your Prime duty as a teacher ? –To help the student in understanding Physical and Social Environment

• What is the best Quality of the teacher ? –good human subject being

• The enthusiastic teachers generally ? –involve the students in learning–teaching process

• A teacher has better chances of succeeding if ? –he is properly trained for the profession

• Does the teachers enjoy the freedom to make their syllabus flexible ? –False

• A good teacher can overcome the defects of ? –System

• A quality teacher always reaches the school ? –Before the morning assembly is over

• Why you want to make teaching as a career ? –it make you eligible for the profession in ten months

• Generally a good number of students do not like to go to the class rooms because- the curriculum is dull

• What is attitude –feeling

• A good teacher priority in school is his –students

• People’s attitude towards teaching is becoming positive because – perceiving teaching as a profession

• Who can be creative teacher- develop thinking ability among the students

• Among the students faith in the human values can be generated through – Moral Education

• If as teacher you give too much liberty to students what will be result – indiscipline in the class room

• If some one does not agree with you what will you do – polite explain your view point to him

• As a teacher what means of recreation will you like to prefer – literary magazines and news papers

• A teacher always learns and he learns from – Students

• What enhances the status and respect of a teacher – community service

• Why a teacher fails in maintaining discipline in the class – because he lacks consistency in his approach to discipline

• What type behavior is expected from a teacher in the class room – calm, dignified and composed

• Why a teacher should be lover of sports – it encourages the students to take part in sports

General Studies

1.The study of bones is called ostelogy

-Total no of bones 206

-Smallest bone-Stapes(ear boe)

-Longest bone-Femus(Thigh bone)

-Strongest bone-Tibia(leg bone)

-Total no of muscles-639

-Largest grand-liver

-Longest gland-thyroid

-Longest nerve-Sciatic

-Hardest bone-Tooth enamal

-Tolal amount of blood in the body is (1/15 of body weight)

-Normal body Temperature-98.6F(37C)

2.Govt.of India banned the student Islamic movement of India (SIMI)because it had linked with Osama Bin Laden’s a1-Qaeda Group

3.The Salary of member of parliament and higher perks is ehanced from Rs.4000 to 12,000 per month and constituency allowance from Rs.8000 to 10,000 per month and daily allowance of Rs.400 to Rs. 500 for a period of five year

4.Competition bill to replace MRTPC (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act.)

5.Supreme court ruled on August 2,2001 that a public servant convicted in corruption case should not hold office till he was cleared of the charges by a superior court

6.Number of amendments in constitution is 8 till now

7.The terrorist out fit that brought the WTC and destroyed part of Pantagon in Washington is A1-Queda.the network association with Osama Bin Laden

8. ISI-Inter Service Intelligence

9.Durent line boundary between India and Afghanistan

11.Mc Mohan Line:-boundary between India and china

12.Redcliff Line:- boundary between India and Pakistan

13.Palk Strait:- boundary between India and Sri Lanka

14.Prithvi:-Surface to surface missile.It has a range 250km

15.Agni:- Is Surface to surface missile.it has a range1500-2000km

16.Akash:- Is Surface to surface missile.it has a range of 25km

17 Nag: It is an anti tank missile having range of 4km

18.Bank rate is the rate at which the reserve Bank of India gives credit to commercial Banks

19.Amicus Curiae-Lawyer appointment by the court to represent a poor person.it means friend of court

20.C.R.R- Cash Reserve Ratio

21.Medico Legal case-Accidental Case

22.The most important influence of the moon on the earth is the effect on ocean tides

23.Ranthambore:- Ranthambore National park in Rajasthan(410 sq.km)was ones the private tiger reserve of the Maharaja of Jaipur

24.Ghana Bird Sanctuary-Bharatpur Rajasthan

25.Standerd Deduction in income tax-30,000/-

26.Maximum income not liable to tax-50,000/-

27.American’s Robinson Walton(Bill gates)is the richest person in the world

28.Bio terrorism:-It refer to the use of disease causing micro oganism as terroist weapons to cause devastating ipack on the people.for example.Anthrax

29.Public University founded in 1982 at Lahore.After partition in was re-established in India on 1st of October 1947.the University moved to Chandigarh in 1956,vice chancellor of Punjab university is –K.N.Pathak

30.Kapil Dev has been chosen the wisdom Indian cricketer of the century.

31.Akshardham Temple is in Gandhi Nagar (Gujrat

35 people were killed by terrorist )

32.Metro rail Delhi 24 Dec,2002(Shahdra to is Hagari –8.3km)

33.CAG- V.N.Kaul

34.Chairman of SBI-A.K.Purwar

35.Guru Nanak born in Talwandi now called ‘Nankana Sahib’ in 1469 .He died in 1539.Guru was founder of Sikhism

36. Guru Angad Dev- introduced langer system

37. Guru Amar Das- social reformer and discarded sati pratha

38. Guru Ram Das- founded city of Amritsar

40. Guru Arjun Deb- Built GoldenTemple and compiled Aadi Granph or Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Arjun Deb compled Granth Sahib in 1604 with the of bhai Gurdas Bhalla ji. Guru Arjun Dev was executed by Jahangir on the advice of Chandu Singh. Guru Arjun Dev got the foundation of Harmandir Sahib laid down by a Muslim Faqir main mir.

41.Guru hargobind singh – stared the system of

Akal takht and miri,piri

42.Guru Har Rai

43.Guru Harkishan

44.Guru Teg Bahadur-Guru Teg Bahadur executed by Aurangzeb

45. Guru Gobind Singh –Founder of Khalsa 13th April,1699,Baisakhi, Khalsa means military

brotherhood Zafarnama :- This is Letter written by

Guru Gobind Singh to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

This letter was written because Aurangzeb was committed many atrocities on people.Guru Gobind Singh asked Aurangzeb to give up the policy at Anandpur Sahib on the 1st Baisakh 13th April,1699 A..D

46.Dasam Granth was compiled by a devoted sikh mani singh after passing away Of Guru Gobind Singh .

47.Guru Ki kashi-Takhat Damdma Sahib. It is famous Gurudwara, Which is situated at Talwandi Sabo. It is called Guru Ki Kashi

48.Guru Ki Wadali – it is Birth place of Guru Hargobind Ji . it is famous Gurudwara of Punjab

49.Banda Bahadur- Was born on 27th October, 1670. His real name was Lachaman Das. Once,

during hunting an arrow of Banda Bahadur stuck a pregnant she deer; Banda Bahadur was greatly pained to see the tragic death of the deer and its two kids. He renounced the world and become a Bairagi. Banda Bahadur adopted the name Madho Das after becoming a Bairagi. Madho Das (Banda Bahadur) met Guru Sahib. He said “I am your Banda (Servant)”. Thus Madho Das become Banda. Guru Gobind Sahib called him Banda the brave. Thus acquired the name Banda Bahadur

50. Sharomani Gurdawara Prabandhak Committee was established on 15th Nov. 1990, at Akal Takhat Amritsar.

51.Aklis launched a non-movement in 1921 with the aim of –Librating Sikh Guru Gurudwara from Mahants.

General Studies

Literature:

52.Creator of Asa-di-war,Japuji sahib-Guru Nanak Dev ji.

53.Creator of Bachittar Natak- Guru Gobind Singh

54.Creator of Jab Sahibh- Guru Gobind Singh

55.Creator of Anand Sahib- Guru Amar Das ji

56.Creator of Sukhmani Sahib –Guru Arjan Dev ji

57. Compiler of Guru Granth Sahib – Guru Arjan Dev ji

58.Writer of Adhi Granth at the time of its compilation of – Bahi Gurdas Bhalla ji

59.Creator of Bani written in Dasam Granth-Guru Gobind singh ji

60.Most famous writer of Qisa Puran Bhagat –Fazal Shah.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Administration:-

61.Date of Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Nov.2,1780.

62.Name of the parents of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Father name:-Maha singh ,Mother name :-Raj Kaur

63.Time of treaty of Amritsar between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and British –25th April,1809

64.Name of the Foreign minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Faqir Azizudeen

65.Head of Finance minister at the the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Deewan Kaura Mal

66.Most famous prime minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Dhian Singh Dogra

67.Meaning of Kankut system started by Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Tax on standing crop in the field

68.’Nazim Adalat’ at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh state level- Court

69.Capital city of maharaja Ranjit Singh- Lahore

70.First war between Sikh and British – 1845 A.D.

71.Second Anglo Sikh War-1848-1849 A.D.

72. Ranjit Singh (Thein) Dam has been constructed on the river- Ravi

73.Which Dam is built on Beas near Talwara- Pong Dam.

74. Dam built on the river Satluj- Bhakrha Dam

75.The Dusi dam has been constructed on the river Beas

76.The old name of the Amritser –Ramdas nagar

77.Which Guru got constructor Akal Takhat –GuruHargobind Sahib

78The real Granth Sahib has been placed at –Kartarpur

79.Guru Nanak Dav Ji was enlightenment at- Sultan Pur

80.Which Guru built Buraj Baba Atal- Guru Hargobind Sahib

81. The old name Punjab- Sapat Sindhu

82.The Gurudwara situated at present where foundation of Khalsa Panth was laid –Gurudwara Kesgarh Sahib.

83.The other name of Harmandir Sahib is-Darbar Sahib.

84.The Guru;who founded Anandpur Sahib was –Guru Teg Bahadur

85.Bhagat Singh was hanged on-23rd March, 1931

86.Number of district in Punjab-17, Lok Sabha seats-13

87. Highest Gallantry Award-Param Vir Chakra

88.NOBLE PRIZES;-The Honors of Wining the Noble Prizes go to the Following 7 Indians

(i)Rabinder Nath Tagore win the noble prizes from literature in 1913.

(ii)C.V. Raman win the noble prizes from physics in 1930.

(iii)Hargobind Khurana win the noble prizes from medicine in 1968.

(iv)Mother Teresa win the noble price from peace in 1979.

(vi) S. chandrashekher win the noble prize from physics in 1986.

(vii) Prof. Amaritya Sen win the noble prizes from Economics in 1998.

(viii) V.S.Naipal win the noble prizes from Literature in 2001.

90.Highest Gallantry Award- ParamVir Chakra

91.Highest Civilian Award- Bharat Ratana

92.First Olympic Game held at Athens in 1896

93.First Deputy Prime Minister of India-Sardar Patel

94.2nd deputy Prime Minister of India-Morarzi Desai

95. 3hd Deputy Prime Minister of

India

– Choudhari Charan Singh

96. 5th Deputy Prime Minister of

India

– Y.V.Chauan.

97.6th Deputy Prime Minister of

India

–Dev Lal

98. 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India- Lal Krishan Advani

99. AIDS:Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

100.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

101.AIDS:Is caused by Virus Aids is due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus

102.Classical Dances of India

-Manipur of Manipur

-Oddisi of Orissa

-Katha-Kali of Kerala

-Kuchi-Pudi of Andhra Pradesh

-Bharat Natyam of Tamil Nadu

-Kathak of Utter Pradesh

-Bihu of Assam

103.Legal Service Clinic:-A Legal Service Clinic open 24 hours on all days, has been established in Ahemdabad to provide free service of retired high court judge and reputed lawyear.

105.The State of Haryana-:Came into begin on , Nov.1,1966 as result of the re- organizations

of the old Punjab state into two separate seats.It consist of the Hind speaking area of Punjab,secong language status has been given to Punjab(1996)

106.Book and Author:-

-Life Diving

-Ain-I-Akbari -Aourbinbo Ghosh

-Panchtantra -Abdul Fazal

-Mahabharta -Vishnu Sharma

-India wins Freedom -Ved Vyas

-Discovery of India -Maulana Abdul Kalam

-My Experiment with Truth -Gandhi

-Madhushala -Harivansh Rai Bachan

-Prisoner’s Scorapbook -L.K.Advani

107.Sports:-

-Agha Khan Cup -Hockey

-Durant Cup -Football(India)

-Duleep/renjit Trophyre -Cricket

-Santosh Trophy -National Football

-Thomas Cup -World Bedminton(Men)

-Davis Cup -Lawn Tennis

108.Buddhism:Buddhism was founded by Gautam

Buddha. His Original name was Gautam Siddhartha , A Kashatriya, Boran in 563 B.C at Lumbini in

Nepal

. He attended enlightenment at Bodhgaya under papal tree.Budha died at the age of 80 years in 483 B.C at Kushinagar (District Utter Pradesh).He gave 8 fold paths to control the desire.1st sermon was delivered by him at Srnarth at Banaras .The Language used by Buddhist people was pali.

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UGC-NET Special Edition - Teaching Aptitude

UGC-NET Special Edition - Teaching Aptitude

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